Ingenieur Vol 91 2022 | Page 60

INGENIEUR
INGENIEUR
For the model validation , the predicted yield of 77.27 % and actual yield of 75.1 % were obtained , and the percentage error was 2.88 %.
Conclusion
Biodiesel was produced using palm oil , methanol and the green catalyst KOH / sea sand . This study concluded that the highest FAME yields produced were 76.7 % with a 1:1 KOH : sea sand ratio at constant parameters of reaction temperature ( 65 ° C ), reaction time ( three hours ) and methanol to oil ratio ( 15:1 ). The use of a high loading amount of catalyst reduced the yield , due to excess alkaline catalyst loading that could result in soap formation and thus decrease biodiesel yield . This study has opened up a new green catalyst — a combination of two catalysts — which increases percentage yield significantly .
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability , Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ), for providing the laboratory equipment for this research .
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