Figure 1 : A simulation model developed in Aspen HYSYS for the modelling of a low-pressure condensate recovery system
so that solutions for ending routine gas flaring can be identified and implemented .
Endorsing Governments and oil companies have committed to annually reporting their flaring activities and their progress towards meeting the goals of the ZRF initiative . ( World Bank , 2022 )
Oil and Gas Service and Equipment Companies ( OGSE ) have upgraded their policies to embrace SDG Goal 13 as part of good business practice . For example , Wood has a commitment to reducing their carbon emissions by 40 % ( Wood , 2022 ). Aker Solutions is transparent about their sustainability efforts ( Aker , 2022 ). ERM ( Environmental Resource Management ) has established a Sustainability Institute , which is the primary platform for thought leadership on sustainability . The purpose of the Institute is to define , accelerate and scale sustainability performance by developing actionable insights for business . It provides an independent and authoritative voice in decoding complexities . The Institute identifies innovative solutions to global sustainability challenges built on ERM ’ s experience , expertise , and commitment to transformational change . ( ERM , 2022 )
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
The Kasawari CCS initiative stands out as one of Malaysia ’ s investments to achieve net zero emissions and is said to be the largest offshore CCS project . Between 3.7 million and 4 million tonnes of CO 2 are expected to be captured from Kasawari annually with a total of 76 million tonnes being recovered over the project ’ s lifespan ( Upstream , 2022 ). This is the equivalent of the
CO 2 output of 10 natural fire plants per year ( EPA , 2022 ).
PTT Exploration and Production ( PTTEP ) of Thailand and its partners Kufpec of Kuwait and Petronas Carigali are already advancing Malaysia ’ s second offshore CCS project — Lang Lebah — which will remove high concentrations of hydrogen sulphide as well as CO 2
( Upstream , 2022 ). Engineering companies are also heavily investing in designing net zero CO 2 or adjacent technologies , following current corporate initiatives such as reducing flaring in line with the ZRF initiative . They conduct research in commercially attractive systems that can recover sellable hydrocarbons . Figure 1 shows a simulation model developed in Aspen HYSYS for the modelling of a low-pressure condensate recovery system ( LP-CRS ), which makes use of a turbo-expander and a Joule Thomson valve , to maximise the recovery of condensate at low temperatures . However , the low operating temperature may lead to hydrate formations . An inhibitor such as methanol or glycol injection is commonly used to prevent the formation of hydrates . However , the
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