Figure 4 : The relationship between automation and productivity
practised . Conventional construction is the most traditional method of construction in which most of the work is done at the site , resulting in poor productivity . However , the Industrialised Building System ( IBS ) has been quite a popular method practised among industry players in improving their productivity . From the traditional method of construction , a reusable formwork system is being used to improve productivity , especially at the site . The formworks are repeatedly being used to cast other components , thus saving the cost of formworks as well as saving time in construction .
The precast concrete system is one of the most common construction methods being practised in Malaysia . The components are fabricated in a controlled environment , transported to the site , and lifted into the required positions ( CIDB , 2017 ). The application of precast concrete requires a high level of automation to lift and place the components at the required positions as most of the components are bulky and heavy . Indirectly , the precast concrete system can save time for construction and increase the quality of the components as most of the casting is done in a controlled environment , thus improving the productivity of construction projects .
The use of precast concrete systems requires the intervention of high-level automation and robotics to complete the task whether at the
factory or the construction site . This reduces the dependency on manpower and results in a faster completion time for each component being fabricated . Nevertheless , the production of Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction ( PPVC ) components and 3D printing requires a high level of automation as it deals with huge and heavy structures . Both technologies have been listed in the Construction 4.0 Strategic Plan ( 2021-2025 ) among the 12 emerging technologies that will transform the landscape of the Malaysian construction industry . However , as the automation level increases along the graph shown in Figure 4 , the level of technology complexity increases too . Hence , the level of construction productivity will improve along with the technology complexity .
In Malaysia , the uptake for PPVC and 3D printing is still at a low level . The current level for most industry players in Malaysia is between the application of reusable formworks and the precast concrete system . It is not surprising that some of the industry players are still implementing a low level of automation in their projects . To ensure the success of digital transformations for the Malaysian construction industry , all parties must work collaboratively together without neglecting the participation of Small and Medium Enterprises ( SMEs ).
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