nic Farming, Renewable
Energy
Greenhouse Gases,
Organic Farming, Renewable Energy, Energy Savings,
Income
Distribution
below
Greenhouse Gases,
and Income Distribution
below Par
Par
[http://www.ssfindex.com/]
[http://www.ssfindex.com/]
nearest coastline; it would not make much sense
to transport the power to the national or state-grid
systems. Instead, the power would be utilised in
the production of hydrogen fuel.
Discussion
By a popular measure of “sustainability”,
Malaysia’s performance in both: “renewable
energy” 1 , and “income distribution” 2 are second
A Bakar Jaafar @UTM OTEC from
for the
BEM
The Ingenieur
bottom
of the 21 sustainability indicators
Hydrogen Economy
developed by Sustainable Society Foundation of
the Netherlands, and not sustainable at all [14].
Hydrogen fuel has been identified as a major Only with heavy investment in renewable energy
energy carrier in the 21 st Century [10]. A recent development, would Malaysia have any prospect
study in Malaysia forecasts that over 41% electricity of meeting its renewable energy target of 20% in
generation in Malaysia by 2050 would come from total energy by 2030 [15]. (See Figure 2)
OTEC-H2, and a further 16% from other sources of
It is thought that hydrogen fuel utilisation would
hydrogen, through the use of fuel-cells [11].
be more feasible in the transport sector than in
1
2
6
28
“Consumption of renewable energy expresses the share of energy produced by renewable sources in % of total
energy (TPES, Total Primary Energy Supply). According to the definition used by IEA, renewable energy includes
hydro, geothermal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide, wave, ocean, wind, solid biomass, gases from biomass,
liquid biomass and renewable municipal waste.” [12]
“This indicator assesses the level of equality of the distribution of income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10% of
the people in a country. A low level of inequality is supposed to contribute to a stable society, whereas a high level
of inequality provokes unrest or worse in a society.” [13]
VOL
2019
VOL 77
55 JANUARY–MARCH
JUNE 2013