Ingenieur Vol. 75 ingenieur July 2018-FA | Page 24

INGENIEUR
Application in Grid-Connected Systems
Table 2: Efficiency of commercial PV modules
in 2017 (Source https://news.energysage.com/
what-are-the-most-efficient-solar-panels-on-the-
market/)
A grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system
comprises two main components: (a) a PV array;
and (b) Balance of System (BOS) components. The
BOS components are needed to make the system
work and comply with requirements with regards
to connection to and disconnection from the grid.
The topology may be arranged as shown in Figure
6.
In Malaysia, there are already nearly 30
Malaysian Standards (MS) relating to GCPV
systems. The main standards are:
• MS1837:2018 Installation of grid-
connected photovoltaic (PV) system
(Second revision)
• MS IEC 61724:2010 Photovoltaic System
Performance Monitoring – Guidelines for
Measurement, Data Exchange And Analysis
Some key performance issues relating to GCPV
systems that are of major interest include:
• Final yield (h d -1 ); Specific yield (h d -1 );
Reference yield (h d -1 ); Performance ratio
(%)
• Overall plant efficiency (%); Availability (%);
Capacity factor (%); Penetration level (%)
Figure 6: Major topologies of GCPV systems (Source: https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/
handle/10012/4943/Omran_Walid.pdf?sequence=1)
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VOL
VOL 75
55 JULY-SEPTEMBER
JUNE 2013 2018