Ingenieur Vol 68 Oct-Dec 2016 | Page 69

increase the strength of tyres and industrial rubber products up to seven times more than carbon black, while providing increased conductivity, impermeability and flame resistance. Revolutionary types of graphene-enhanced rubber products will serve to increase the country’s global competitiveness. Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles DISCOVERY OF GRAPHENE Discovered in the UK in 2003 at the University of Manchester by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, graphene is a crystalline form of carbon in which a single layer of carbon atoms are arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern. The discovery earned them a Nobel prize in 2010. Malaysia’s National Automotive Policy (NAP) places emphasis on the assembly of electric vehicles and energy efficient vehicles (EEV), creating the need for lithium-ion battery manufacturers to produce on a larger scale. Lithium-ion batteries are a crucial component for hybrid and electric vehicles as they enhance battery performance and lower production costs, creating a competitive advantage. Graphene can unlock greater market opportunity for hybrid and electric vehicle manufacturers. Picture from http://www.ox.ac.uk Conductive Inks for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Photovoltaic Cells Graphene-enabled conductive inks have the potential to catalyse the growth of several new industries in Malaysia, namely in radio frequency identification (RFID) and photovoltaic (PV) cells. Conductive inks can replace printed wiring, which can be especially beneficial for small circuitry that needs low cost production methods. In RFID, graphene conductive inks can be used to produce much cheaper tags by inkjet printing the RFID antennae. Today, due to the high costs, Malaysian RFID system integrators choose to import chips manufactured in Taiwan and China and only carry out the assembly locally. Graphene will be valuable to local solar cell producers as it enables lower manufacturing costs since graphene conductive inks can replace the silver-based mesh currently covering individual cells. By leveraging on this opportunity, Malaysian domestic PV cell producers and assemblers can get ahead of the innovation curve and spur domestic production. Innovative Lubricants Innovation in lubricants holds a lot of potential for petrochemical companies producing base oils, palm oil plantation owners seeking outputs for their biomass, and automotive manufacturers seeking to reduce manufacturing costs and to promote “green” products. Graphene presents a unique opportunity for innovation in this sector because its tribological properties (relating to friction, lubrication, and wear of interacting surfaces) are superior to other commonly-used additives. Researchers have found graphene to be useful in both wet and dry applications. In wet application, the immediate advantage is in producing a less toxic wet lubricant since the base fluid can be water-based. Platinum NanoChem According to press reports, one Malaysian firm has made innovation headway as a graphene application developer in nanofluids. Platinum 67