Figure 5 : The e-waste discovered in a container at North Butterworth Container Terminal , Butterworth ( Liew , 2022 ).
as utilised locally for power generation and marine fuel . However , ammonia is a hazardous gas . It is a fire and explosion hazard . Furthermore , it is toxic to humans and harmful to the environment through nitrogen pollution . In the event of a large-scale accidental ammonia release , any persons in the close vicinity of the leak source must be evacuated quickly as exposure to high concentrations of ammonia will lead to permanent disability and even death . Operators working with ammonia can also be exposed to the gas when performing their daily routine , resulting in longterm repeated occupational exposure to low concentrations of ammonia . In this scenario , the leakage is considered to be a transient state system . For such a system , time will become a crucial factor in the determination of the optimal placement of sensors as there is a short time window for sensors to detect the leaking gas and reduce the risk posed by ammonia . In such a case , the concentration profile of ammonia changes over time , meaning that one set of data is generated for every time interval , resulting in a huge amount of data that needs to be analysed . A ML-based model is therefore necessary to simplify the job as manual analysis of such large amounts of data can be too time-consuming . The introduction of an ANN model for sensor optimisation and source localisation can help reduce the ammonia gas detection time , allowing for faster mitigation of risk through the enhancement of emergency response for large-scale ammonia accidental releases and timely maintenance of process equipment for small-scale leaks .
Dispersion of Chemical Vapour for Laboratory
In the laboratory , researchers employ a variety of chemicals that are harmful to human health . Some of these chemicals cause harm to humans when in contact with the skin , inhaled , or ingested . Other chemicals may be flammable and pose an explosion risk if their vapour concentrations reach a particular range . For example , ethanol is a common and important lab chemical used as a solvent and a substance in purification and precipitation methods . This clear and colourless liquid is harmful if ingested , inhaled , or absorbed into the skin . To study the dispersion of chemical vapours in the laboratory setting , CFD can be used to simulate evaporation from chemical spills to study the dispersion of the chemical vapour . Through the analysis of the concentration data in relation to dispersion location , building design , and ventilation system , the ANN will be able to track the dispersion source quickly . This smart
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