INGENIEUR
must incorporate efficient plants such as supercritical / ultra-supercritical boilers .
Since 2000 , though not well publicised , the biggest increase in global energy output has come from coal — double that from oil and triple that from natural gas . More than anything else , coal ’ s increase is the result of growing electricity use in emerging market countries .
Still , until recently 40 % of the world ’ s electricity is generated from coal . Also , currently most generation expansion planning scenarios have coal-generated electricity growing on a global basis . China and India , the world ’ s most populous countries , ranked first and third respectively in coal consumption , with the US placing second . In China about 80 % of electricity is produced from coal , while this figure is 69 % for India .
However , with the post Covid-19 pandemic world economic fallout , many countries , including Malaysia , are accelerating their investments in Energy Transition Programme [ Ref . 7 ] for sustainable infrastructure projects with green stimulus packages for rebuilding their economies . They are moving aggressively away from coal due to increased risk of carbon emission and the resultant effect on climate change . See Figure 14 and Figure 15 [ Ref . 7 ].
Editor ’ s Note : Part 2 of this Special Report will be published in Vol 87 of The Ingenieur .
REFERENCE
[ 1 ] Daniel Yergin . The Quest : Energy , Security , and the Remaking of the Modern World ( Chapter 13 ). Penguin Books . 2012
[ 2 ] National Energy Balance Report 2018 . Energy Commission , Malaysia
[ 3 ] McKinsey Global Institute ( MGI ). Disruptive Technologies : Advances that will transform Life , Business and the Global Economy , Report May 2013
[ 4 ] Report on Peninsular Malaysia Generation Development Plan 2019 ( 2020 – 2030 ). Energy Commission , Malaysia , Feb . 2020
[ 5 ] Amir Basha Ismail . Electricity Demand- Generation Balance : The Question of National Energy Security . The Ingenieur , Vol . 60 , Board of Engineers Malaysia ( BEM ), Oct-Dec 2014
[ 6 ] Amir Basha Ismail . Impact of Disruptive Technologies on Electricity Grid Infrastructure . The Ingenieur , Vol . 75 , Board of Engineers Malaysia ( BEM ), July-Sept 2018
[ 7 ] World Energy Forum ( WEF ): Malaysia Energy Roundtable - Energy Transition . TNB , Aug . 2020
GLOSSARY
AMI |
Advanced |
Metering / Smart |
|
Infrastructure |
|
BESS |
Battery Energy Storage System |
DSM |
Demand Side Management |
DR |
Demand Response |
EE |
Energy Efficiency |
ESI |
Electricity Supply Industry |
GWh |
GigaWatt hour ( unit of energy ) |
Hz |
Hertz ( electricity frequency in cycles |
per second ) |
IoT |
Internet-of-Things |
IAEA |
International Atomic Energy Agency |
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
Joule |
Basic unit of energy : 1 GWh = 3.6 |
TeraJoules |
ktoe |
Kilotonne of oil equivalent : 1 ktoe = |
11.63 GWh |
LCOE |
Levelised Cost of Electricity |
MESI |
Malaysian Electricity Supply Industry |
Mmscfd |
Million standard cubic feet per day |
( for volumetric measurement of |
Natural Gas fuel ) |
Mmbtu |
Metric million British Thermal Unit |
( for measurement of heat quantity or |
energy value ) |
MW |
MegaWatt ( unit of power ): 1 Watt = 1 |
Joule / Sec |
NLDC |
National Load Dispatch Centre |
PV |
Photovoltaic |
RE |
Renewable Energy |
ST |
Suruhanjaya |
Tenaga / Energy |
|
Commission |
|
ToU |
Time-of-Use ( of electricity ) |
TNB |
Tenaga Nasional Berhad |
VG |
Variable Generation |
WEF |
World Energy Forum |
62 VOL 86 APRIL-JUNE 2021