ingenieur 2021 vol86 April-June 2021 | Page 39

Vaccine production
REFERENCE
1 . Tim Schroder , Vaccines from a Reactor , Material and Technology _ Biotechnology , MaxPlanck Research ,
2 . Biologicals , World Health Organizations https :// www . who . int / biologicals / vaccines / cell _ substrates / en /
3 . David Verga , mRNA and the future of vaccine manufacturing , Feb 10 , 2021 https :// www . path . org / articles / mrna-and-future-vaccinemanufacturing /
4 . David Solbach , “ Stirred-Tank Bioreactors and How They Are Used in the Development and Production of Covid-19 Vaccines ”, Covid-19 Partnering Supplement , Pharma Publication
5 . Kenneth P . Clapp , et al , Roller Bottles , Upstream Processing Equipment in Biopharmaceutical Processing , 2018 https :// www . sciencedirect . com / topics / engineering / roller-bottle
6 . Alvin W . Nienow , Bojan Isailovic and Timothy A . Barrett , Design and Performance of Single- Use , Stirred-Tank Bioreactors , BioProcess International , 14 ( 10 ) s November 17 ,
2016 https :// bioprocessintl . com / 2016 / design-performance-single-use-stirred-tankbioreactors /
7 . Ibrahim , S . and A . W . Nienow , Suspension of Microcarriers for Cell Culture with Axial Flow Impellers , Chemical Engineering Research and Design , 82 ( A9 ): 1082 – 1088 , Trans IChemE , Part A , September 2004
8 . Nienow , A . W ., “ The Impact of Fluid Dynamic Stress in Stirred Bioreactors – The Scale of the Biological Entity : A Personal View ”, Chem , Ing . Tech ., 93 , No 1-2 , 1-15 , 2021
Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Professor Suffian Annuar of the Institute of Biological Science , UM for his quick lessons on vaccine development , Professor Sazaly Abu Bakar of UM Tropical and Infectious Disease Research Centre ( TIDREC ), Dr Chai Lay Ching and UM High Impact Research ( HIR ) Laboratory for sharing the photographs , and Mrs Farahin Jais and Mrs Zakiah Dzulkipli for their kind assistance .
The author is a Professor at the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences , University of Malaya
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