IIC Journal of Innovation 20th Edition Trustworthy July 2022, 20th Edition | Page 35

In addition it is useful to architect and design systems to reduce and manage complexity . The following principles support designing a system that “ performs its intended functions in the manner intended ” and is as resilient as possible 33 , 34 :
1 Absorption The system can absorb the impact of a disruption . 2 Physical Redundancy There are two or more independent redundant components .
3 Functional Redundancy
4 Layered Defense ( Defense in depth )
There are two or more ways to perform a task .
There are two or more independent approaches address a single vulnerability .
5
Human in the Loop
There should be a human as part of the system where human thinking is required .
The premise is that humans are better at dealing with unprecedented situations .
6
Reduce Complexity
A system should be no more complex than necessary by reducing the number of
complex components ( including humans ) and interfaces .
7 Reorganization Principle
A system , either organizational or technical , should be capable of changing its entire architecture , or structure , in the face of a threat .
8
Repairability
A system should have the capability of being brought up to partial or full
functionality over a specified period of time and in a specified environment .
9 Localized Capacity ( Modularity )
The functionality of a system should be distributed through various nodes of that system so that if a single node is damaged or destroyed , the remaining nodes will continue to function .
10
Loose Coupling
The system should have the capability to limit the ability of failures to propagate
from one component to the next in a system of many components .
11
Drift correction
If the system is drifting towards failure this is detected and measures can be taken
to avoid the threat , or it can be diminished through corrective action .
12
Neutral state
Humans delay taking action when there is an opportunity to survey the situation and
make a more reasoned judgement .
13 Inter-node interaction
14 Reduce Hidden Interactions
Every node , or element , of a system should be capable of communicating , cooperating , and collaborating with every other node .
Efforts should be made to assure that potentially harmful interactions between nodes of the system should be reduced .
Table 4-1 : Resilience implementation principles
33
Scott Jackson and Timothy L . J . Ferris , “ Resilience Principles for Engineered Systems ,” Systems Engineering 16 , no . 2 ( June 2013 ): 152 – 64 , https :// doi . org / 10.1002 / sys . 21228 .
34
Scott Jackson , “ Principles for Resilient Design - A Guide for Understanding and Implementation ,” in IRGC ( 2016 ) Resource Guide on Resilience , v29 ed . ( Lausanne : EPFL International Risk Governance Center , 2016 ), https :// beta . irgc . org / wp-content / uploads / 2018 / 09 / Jackson-Principle-for-Resilient-Design . pdf .
30 July 2022