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race and ethnicity, in order to orient the
State’s policies and programs, and those
of organizations that cooperate internationally, or bilaterally, or that are tied to
the United Nations. We must initiate a
conversation about this transverse and
intersectional focus, in order to contribute the development of policies that include Afro-Peruvian and other women
who belong to groups or peoples historically discriminated currently living in
poverty. The Peru and Brazil studies
share similarities in terms of the increase
in the number of Afro-descendant female heads of household when compared to men. This fact opens up a discussion regarding female authority in
Afro-descendant families in Latin America. As far as the labor market is concerned, Afro-descendant women in both
Peru and Brazil are employed in less
prestigious and poorer paying jobs. In
terms of education, they also have in
common a smaller presence in the educational system, particularly at the postsecondary level.
Social policies, even those that fight
against poverty, must adopt paradigms
and develop methodologies capable of
considering factors such as gender, social class, color/race/ethnicity, generation, territory or location (center and
periphery in urban regions, rural zones).
That will allow for a better qualitative
definition of the indicators, and not only
consider the descriptive, quantitative
dimension. We must incorporate the
perspectives of race and gender in public
policies, in everything from their formulation, to their application, and even to

their evaluative mechanisms. The principle norm should be to act forcefully
against inequalities and on behalf of social justice.

References
BANCO MUNDIAL Y GRADE. Más
allá de los Promedios: Afrodescendientes en América Latina. Pobreza Discriminación Social e Identidad: El caso de
la población afrodescendiente en el Perú. Lima, 2006.
FRASER, N. “Da redistribuição ao reconhecimento? Dilemas na justiça na era
pós-socialista”. In: SOUZA, J. (org.).
Democracia hoje: novos desafos para a
teoria democrática contemporânea. Brasília: Editora Universidade de Brasília,
2001.
CRENSHAW, K. Documento para o
encontro de especialistas em aspectos da
discriminação racial relativos ao gênero.
Revista Estudos Feministas 10: 1 (2002).
Dossiê Mulheres Negras: retrato das
condições de vida das mulheres negras
no Brasil, Brasilia: IPEA, 2013.
HASENBALG, C.; SILVA, N. (Orgs.).
Origens e destinos: desigualdades sociaisao longo da vida. Rio de Janeiro:
Topbooks, 2005.
INSTITUTO
DE
PESQUISAS
ECONÔMICAS APLICADAS. Retrato
das Desigualdades de Gênero e Raça, 3ª
edição – Análise preliminar dos dados.
Brasília: Secretaria Especial de Políticas
para as Mulheres/ Instituto de Pesquisa
Econômica Aplicada / Fundo de Desenvolvimento das Nações Unidas para a
Mulher, 2008.

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