IDENTIDADES 1 ENGLISH IDENTIDADES 2 ENGLISH | Page 82

I no longer have any hope that this problem will
be resolved in my lifetime; it is my hope that my
grandchildren and their children will see it.”20
Notes:
1-The term ‘mulatto,’ which is so common in today’s Cuba, is evidence of one of the most discriminatory ideas ever imposed by the Spaniards
from the end of the eighteenth century on. Its reference is to the cross between a mare and a donkey, which produces a mule, an animal that was
used for work, particularly in mountainous areas.
The issue that resulted from sometimes hidden,
sometimes forced sexual relations between plantation owners and female slaves was called a mulatto or mulatta.
2-Central Directory of Instructional and Recreational Societies at the José Martí National Library.
3-Montejo Arrechea, Carmen. Las sociedades negras en Cuba (Editorial Ciencias Sociales: La Habana, 2004: 31 s).
4-Ibid.
5-Ricardo Noriega Suárez, a well-known Pinar
del Río researcher of culture and cultural promoter, actively participated in the Atenas club’s
activities as a child and with his parents.
6-Interview with Visia Suárez, a teacher and
member of the Atenas Occidental.
7- González, María Dolores et al, “El rumor de
Haití en Cuba: temor, raza y rebeldía”, Revista
Caribe [Santiago de Cuba] (13): 50 s.
8- Pignon, Elsa. “El asociacionismo republicano
en Pinar del Río”, Revista de Indias en Internet, 8
s.
9- Pozo, Victorino. “Renovarse o Morir,” in Revista Mensual Ilustrada Evolución (October
1924). Photocopy facilitated by María Elena Camero, a professor a the Escuela Vocacional Militar Camilo Cienfuegos in Pinar del Río.

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10- Ibid.
11-Morúa Delgado presented his proposed
amendment to the Senate during its 1911-1912
sessions. It resulted in the Independent Party of
Color became illegal. Its members’ and followers’ subsequent armed uprising ended with the
killing of more than 3,000 blacks and mulattoes
in 1912.
12-A political group whose membership was primarily black and mulatto, although there were
whites among them. Its fundamental goal was
equality of rights. Its principal leaders were Pedro
Ivonet and Evarista Estenoz, both of whom were
assassinated during one of Cuban history’s bloodiest and shameful chapters: the massacre of the
Independents of Color during May, June and July
1912.
13-Interview with René Serrano, an Atenas Occidental member.
14-Interview with Raúl García Carrillo, son of Julieta Carrillo, a member of the Atenas Occidental
club.
15-Interview with Visia Suárez, an Atenas Occidental club teacher and member.
16-Regulations of the Hijos de Maceo club, facilitated by its last president, Santos Carrete.
17-Interview with René Serrano, an Atenas Occidental club member.
18-Interview with Mercedes Monterrey, who recounted the story about the visit Carlos Saladrigas, a pro-Batista, presidential candidate in 1944.
19- Montejo, Carmen, Op. cit., 196 s.
20-Interview with Santos Carrete Galán, last
president (1957-61) of the Hijos de Maceo club.
9- Montejo, Carmen, Ob. cit., pp. 196 s.
20-Entrevista a Santos Carrete Galán, último presidente (1957-61) de la sociedad Hijos de Maceo.