HHE 2018 | Page 13

considered appropriate and/or possible two groups have been differentiated and compared: EU 15, for the countries that joined the EU before 2004 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom); and EU 13, for the countries that joined the EU after 2004 (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). When averages on EU 28, EU 15 and EU 13 are reported, these generally refer to year 2014 and have been extracted by the Health For All Database. The considered trends normally refer to the years 2000–2015. When data on 2015 are not available, or they have not been gathered for a sufficient number of countries, the closest year is considered. Some figures are disputed for not being precise enough but at least they give a good indication of the diversity. Financial resources for healthcare From 2000 to 2016, the total current health expenditure expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP$) per capita increased on average by 120% in the EU. Inpatient care, out-of-pocket payments and pharmaceutical expenditures, in particular, showed growing trends in the considered years. In EU 15, the amount of total current health expenditure per capita in 2016 was encompassed between 2223 PPP$ in Greece and 7463 PPP$ in Luxembourg while in EU 13, this range varied from 1466 PPP$ in Latvia to 2835 PPP$ in Slovenia. In Switzerland, this indicator reached 7919 PPP$. Compared with 2000, the total health expenditure per capita in 2016 varied positively in all the countries taken into consideration in this analysis. Major increases have been registered in Ireland (+210%), Poland (+219%), Latvia (+236%), Slovakia (+257%) and Estonia (+309%). Public current health expenditure includes all schemes aimed at ensuring access to basic health care for the whole society, a large part of it, or at least some vulnerable groups. Included are: government schemes, social health insurance, chart 1 Total current health expenditure in ppp$ per capita, share of public and private: Year 2016 Public share of current health expenditure Private share of current health expenditure Luxembourg 83% Switzerland 64% Germany 85% 15% Sweden 84% 16% Denmark 84% Netherlands 81% Austria 76% Ireland 70% Belgium 77% France 79% United Kingdom 79% Finland 75% Italy 75% Spain 71% Czech Republic 82% Slovenia 72% Portugal 66% Slovakia 80% Estonia 76% Hungry 68% Greece 58% Poland 69% Lativa 56% 0 17% 36% 16% 19% 24% 30% 23% 21% 21% 25% 25% 29% 18% 28% 34% 20% 24% 32% 42% 31% 44% 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 chart 2 Public sector health expenditure as percentage of total government expenditure in the EU and in some illustrative countries: Trend 2000–2014 Switzerland Netherlands Germany EU 15 EU 28 EU 13 Greece Latvia Cyprus 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 13 HHE 2018 | hospitalhealthcare.com 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014