Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 – 6288) . Number 101, January 2013, pp. 1-26. | Page 15

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heidelbergensis. The oldest records of Panthera leo fossilis in Europe are
from Isernia at Italy and are about 700,000 years old. A 1.75 million- year-old
lion-jaw from Olduvai in Kenya shows a striking similarity to those of Europe
(Wikipedia).
From Panthera leo fossilis derived the Upper Pleistocene European cave lion
(Panthera leo spelaea), which is recorded for the first time about 300,000 years ago
(Wikipedia).

Panthera leo cf. fossilis radius in the permanent exhibition next to the in
situ paleontological museum of Ambrona (Soria, Spain).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_cf_fossilis_-_radius_-_Ambrona.JPG

References and Internet Websites:
References and Internet Websites:
Barnett, R., Yamaguchi, N., Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. )2006(. The origin, current
diversity and future conservation of the modern lion Panthera leo. Proceedings of
the Royal Society B 273, 2119-2125.
Burger, J., Rosendahl, W., Loreille, O., Hemmer, H., Eriksson, T., Götherström,
A., Hiller, J., Collins, M. J., Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. )2004(. Molecular phylogeny of
the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 30, 841-849.
Charles, R. & Jacobi, R. M. )1994(. The Lateglacial fauna from Robin Hood Cave,
Cresswell: a re-assessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13, 1-32.
De Grossi Mazzorin, J. )1995(. La fauna rinvenuta nell’area della Meta Sudans nel
quadro evolutivo degli animali domestici in Italia. Padusa Quaderni 1, 309-318.
Extinct European Leopard Remains Discovered. http://dalje.com/encroatia/extinct-european-leopard-remains-discovered/80169
Freudenberg, W. (1914). Die Säugetiere des älteren Quartärs von Mitteleuropa.
Geol. Paläont. Abh., 16 (N. F. 12), 455-670, Jena.
Hemmer, H. (1974). Untersuchungen zur stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen
(Pantherinae). Teil III. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera)
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 101 – January 2013