Chemwatch : 22-2369 Version No : 3.1.1.1
Page 9 of 14 Fido ' s Everyday Shampoo
Issue Date : 02 / 13 / 2014 Print Date : 06 / 27 / 2016
surfactant properties , responsible for similar environmental behavior and essentially identical hazard profiles with regard to human health . Acute toxicity : These substances are well absorbed after ingestion ; penetration through the skin is however poor . After absorption , these chemicals are distributed mainly to the liver .
Acute oral LD50 values of alkyl sulfates in rats and / or mice were ( in mg / kg ): C10- ; 290-580 C10-16- , and C12- ; 1000-2000 C12-14 , C12-15 , C12-16 , C12-18 and C16-18- ; > 2000 C14-18 , C16-18- ; > 5000 The clinical signs observed were non-specific ( piloerection , lethargy , decreased motor activity and respiratory rate , diarrhoea ). At necropsy the major findings were irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and anemia of inner organs . Based on limited data , the acute oral LD50 values of alkane sulfonates and alpha-olefin sulfonates of comparable chain lengths are assumed to be in the same range . The counter ion does not appear to influence the toxicity in a substantial way .
Acute dermal LD50 values of alkyl sulfates in rabbits ( mg / kg ): C12- ; 200 C12-13 and C10-16- ;> 500
Apart from moderate to severe skin irritation , clinical signs included tremor , tonic-clonic convulsions , respiratory failure , and body weight loss in the study with the C12- alkyl sulfate and decreased body weights after administration of the C10-16- alkyl sulfates . No data are available for alkane sulfonates but due to a comparable metabolism and effect concentrations in long-term studies effect concentrations are expected to be in the same range as found for alkyl sulfates .
There are no data available for acute inhalation toxicity of alkyl sulfates , alkane sulfonates or alpha-olefin sulfonates .
In skin irritation tests using rabbits ( aqueous solutions , OECD TG 404 ): C8-14 and C8-16 ( 30 %), C12-14 ( 90 %), C14-18 ( 60 %) - corrosive Under occlusive conditions : C12 , and C12-14 ( 25 %), C12-15- , C13-15 and C15-16 ( 5-7 %) - moderate to strong irritants
Comparative studies investigating skin effects like transepidermal water loss , epidermal electrical conductance , skin swelling , extraction of amino acids and proteins or development of erythema in human volunteers consistently showed a maximum of effects with C12-alkyl sulfate , sodium ; this salt is routinely used as a positive internal control giving borderline irritant reactions in skin irritation studies performed on humans . As the most irritant alkyl sulfate it can be concluded that in humans 20 % is the threshold concentration for irritative effects of alkyl sulfates in general . No data were available with regard to the skin irritation potential of alkane sulfonates . Based on the similar chemical structure they are assumed to exhibit similar skin irritation properties as alkyl sulfates or alpha-olefin sulfonates of comparable chain lengths .
In eye irritation tests , using rabbits , C12-containing alkyl sulfates (> 10 % concentration ) were severely irritating and produced irreversible corneal effects . With increasing alkyl chain length , the irritating potential decreases , and C16-18 alkyl sulfate sodium , at a concentration of 25 %, was only a mild irritant . Concentrated C14-16- alpha-olefin sulfonates were severely irritating , but caused irreversible effects only if applied as undiluted powder . At concentrations below 10 % mild to moderate , reversible effects , were found . No data were available for alkane sulfonates
Alkyl sulfates and C14-18 alpha-olefin sulfonates were not skin sensitisers in animal studies . No reliable data were available for alkane sulfonates . Based on the similar chemical structure , no sensitisation is expected . However anecdotal evidence suggests that sodium lauryl sulfate causes pulmonary sensitisation resulting in hyperactive airway dysfunction and pulmonary allergy accompanied by fatigue , malaise and aching . Significant symptoms of exposure can persist for more than two years and can be activated by a variety of non-specific environmental stimuli such as a exhaust , perfumes and passive smoking . Absorbed sulfonates are quickly distributed through living systems and are readily excreted . Toxic effects may result from the effects of binding to proteins and the ability of sulfonates to translocate potassium and nitrate ( NO3- ) ions from cellular to interstitial fluids . Airborne sulfonates may be responsible for respiratory allergies and , in some instances , minor dermal allergies . Repeated skin contact with some sulfonated surfactants has produced sensitisation dermatitis in predisposed individuals
Repeat dose toxicity : After repeated oral application of alkyl sulfates with chain lengths between C12 and C18 , the liver was the only target organ for systemic toxicity . Adverse effects on this organ included an increase in liver weight , enlargement of liver cells , and elevated levels of liver enzymes . The LOAEL for liver toxicity ( parenchymal hypertrophy and an increase in comparative liver weight ) was 230 mg / kg / day ( in a 13 week study with C16-18 alkyl sulfate , sodium ). The lowest NOAEL in rats was 55 mg / kg / day ( in a 13 week study with C12-alkyl sulfate , sodium ). C14- and C14-16-alpha-olefin sulfonates produced NOAELs of 100 mg / kg / day ( in 6 month- and 2 year studies ). A reduction in body weight gain was the only adverse effect identified in these studies . No data were available with regard to the repeated dose toxicity of alkane sulfonates . Based on the similarity of metabolic pathways between alkane sulfonates , alkyl sulfates and alkyl-olefin sulfonates , the repeated dose toxicity of alkane sulfonates is expected to be similar with NOAEL and LOAEL values in the same range as for alkyl sulfates and alpha-olefin sulfonates , i . e . 100 and 200-250 mg / kg / day , respectively , with the liver as potential target organ .
Genotoxicity : Alkyl sulfates of different chain lengths and with different counter ions were not mutagenic in standard bacterial and mammalian cell systems both in the absence and in the presence of metabolic activation . There was also no