Expert Solutions Purity & Specialty Issue 21 | Page 4

COULOMETRIC SENSING FAST-RESPONSE, TRACE AND ULTRA-TRACE OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS Servomex’s high-purity oxygen (O 2 ) analyzers are built around non-depleting Hummingbird Coulometric sensor technology. to reach the extremely low levels demanded by electronics-grade gas quality control. These industry-proven sensors enable direct measurements at trace and ultra-trace levels, without needing periodic replacement or producing the false low readings associated with traditional fuel cell sensors. While Paramagnetic and Zirconia solutions are highly effective for percentage O 2 measurements, an electrochemical sensor is required The electrolyte solution contains potassium hydroxide (KOH), which assists in the migration of OH- to the high-purity, non-carbon anode. The ions are oxidized at the anode, completing the reaction. The reduction and oxidation reactions The analyzer then displays the O 2 content in parts-per-million (ppm) or parts-per-billion units (ppb). O 2 LASTS 5-10 YEARS LONGER THAN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR GAS SAMPLE CARBON CATHODE 40H - NON DEPLETING PROPRIETARY ANODE O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e - 4OH - (cathode) - 4OH O 2 + 2H 2 O + 4e - (anode) Components of a Coulometric sensor P04 10 6. 5m m mm 96.5 Servomex's Coulometric sensor ACID GAS TOLERANCE RAPID RESPONSE Our sensors work on a simple Coulometric process. The sample gas is in direct contact with the sensor cathode. Any O 2 present is reduced to hydroxyl ions (OH-). are both driven by a voltage of approximately 1.3V DC, which is applied to the sensor electrodes. The current flow that results from the reaction is proportional to the O 2 concentration in the sample gas. This provides a direct O 2 measurement, eliminating the errors that inevitably result from indirect measurement technologies. Servomex’s Coulometric sensor also provides a very fast response to changes in O 2 concentrations. For example, if a sensor operating in the 0-1,000ppm range is exposed to air, it is able to recover less than a minute and measure <10ppm of oxygen in pure nitrogen. This is highly beneficial for users who deal with upset-prone applications. The sensor’s performance is unaffected by reasonable changes in flow rate and, because it is non-depleting when exposed to O 2 , it has a longer lifespan than electrochemical sensors. When a traditional electrochemical sensor cell fails, it must be thrown away and replaced. The electrolyte in Servomex’s Coulometric cell can be topped up for continued use. This means a Coulometric sensor generally lasts between 5-10 years, much longer than the 12 months typical of a regular electrochemical sensor. Coulometric sensing from Servomex provides highly sensitive O 2 measurements, and can be optimized to reach an industry-leading Lower Detection Limit of 45 parts per trillion. It can handle both flammable and non-flammable samples, providing an advantage over Zirconia technology, which offers ppm measurements but only works with non-flammable samples. TRACE & ULTRA TRACE MEASUREMENT SENSOR PERFORMANCE Technology: Accuracy: < ±3% reading or < ±0.05% of range, whichever is greater Zero drift: Negligible Response time: T 90 < 30 seconds Time to reading: < 5 seconds* * Under constant conditions. Allow at least 24 hours for electrode equalization when starting from ambient conditions. PHYSICAL Weight (transport): 500g Weight (operating): 650g Dimensions: 149mm x 96.5mm x 106.5mm P05