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LINGUISTICS ¹2 (2) 2015 Мақалада әр түрлі құрылымды тілдерді теориялық және практикалық тұрғыдан салыстырмалы зерттеу мәселелері қарастырылған. Зерттеу тіл білімі саласы мамандарының назарына ұсынылған. В статье рассматривается сопоставительное исследование разносистемных языков в теоретическом и практическом аспектах. Исследование представлено вниманию ученых- языковедов. GULNAR KAPYSHEVA LTIFAT ZHANYBEKOVA Head of Foreign languages Department S.Amansholov East- Kasakhstan State University S.Amansholov East- Kasakhstan State University, Master The paper presents different languages comparative study, contrastive research has a theoretical applied and practical significance. The research presented to the atten- tion of linguists. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANGUAGES A comparative study of languages is not done only in historical terms, that is, diachronically, but also from the perspective of the current state and the operation of related and unrelated languages, in synchrony. Requirement of si- multaneous and systematic study of human language was made as it is known by the Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure, who proposed to distinguish such things as lan- guage and speech, as they are two important features of human language, and they describe it from two different directions [1, 1984]. In a comparative study of related and unrelated languages in synchrony there are three ap- proaches or three varieties of comparative linguistics. The first of these is designated as comparative linguistics, and its main aim is to identify, mainly similarities, commonali- ties, both in related and in unrelated languages. The sec- ond is called comparative and contrastive linguistics, and it sets a different purpose, in particular opposite. It aims to find only the differences between the languages, that is to look for properties and attributes that are unique to any language and absent in all other comparable languages. The third is known as typological linguistics, and it com- bines the first two linguistics, since it reveals both a com- mon and distinctive features, and signs in different lan- guages [2, 2003]. Linguistics emerged as an independent science, as we know, in the middle of the 19th century, and its first form, as the science that studies human language was comparison of languages, but only from one position - a historical perspective. This direction is known in linguis- tics as comparative historical linguistics and its founders were such schola rs as F. Bopp, R. Rusk, J. Grimm. Com- parative-historical linguistics had its own goals and objec- tives in the study of human languages and in accordance with it carried out their investigation. In this direction there were set the following objectives: a) to identify affinity of Germanic languages through the study of their language similarities in historical perspective b) Germanic languages reconstruction on the basis of the original language and tracking of deviations from the character in various Germanic languages in the further course of their development c) the creation of genetic and morphological classifica- tion of languages d) the establishment of the laws of historical change in the same language at different stages of historical develop- ment . Vocabulary study of German language in historical perspective has been known to the creation and production of etymological dictionaries, which have not lost their rel- evance until the present day [1, 1994, 37-39]. Phraseological units, that are stable combinations of words, appear, as you know, in any language, so they are linguistic universals, as they are found in all languages. Phraseology, as every other science, has its own object of study and its own history of development. Phraseology is the science of set phrases of a language or its phraseo- logical units. Language is a very complex phenomenon, which has its own structure and its units. The latter includes the phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences, text, and discourse. Phraseological units in their form and structure are the phrases and sen- tences. But not all the phrases or sentences can be regarded as phraseological units of the language. In this regard, in any language there are two types of phrases and sentences: a) Free or variable; b) Stable. The first did not belong to the phraseology, because it is created by a speaking person himself depending on its com- municative intentions and rules of association of individual words in a phrase or sentence in a particular language. Such phrases or sentences can make infinite, as these pos- sibilities are endless. Such formations are classified as a unit in terms of what a person wants to say. In these phrases, we can change any aspect of the structure of the organiza- tion according to their linguistic system, the grammar, the rules of a language, in any direction phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, communication, stylistic transformation. Al- though the structure of phraseological units as phrases or sentences edits or converts them not because they have their own language features but because they are unique and they are distinguished from the free variables or phrases and sentences. Among the various features or categorical attributes phra- seological units should primarily emphasize the stability of their structure and composition, idiomatic nature of their semantics, their national and cultural labeling ability, their belonging to the speech, namely to the phraseological sys- tem of a language. They are similar in their linguistic nature of the word, because they are just like words, ready, al- ready created a unit of language, and they should be as the words taken for what they are, and to use in the speech, although their structure is in phrases. Like the words, they have a linguistic meaning of the words that make up phra- seological unit. This feature of phraseological units is qualified as idiom- atic. German.: jmdn. auf den Arm nehmen. This phrase appears in the literal sense as free phrase: Der Vater nahm das Kind vorsichtig auf den Arm und hielt es ein paar 35