LINGUISTICS
¹2 (2) 2015
Мақалада әр түрлі құрылымды тілдерді теориялық
және практикалық тұрғыдан салыстырмалы зерттеу
мәселелері қарастырылған. Зерттеу тіл білімі саласы
мамандарының назарына ұсынылған.
В статье рассматривается сопоставительное
исследование
разносистемных
языков
в
теоретическом и практическом аспектах.
Исследование представлено вниманию ученых-
языковедов.
GULNAR
KAPYSHEVA LTIFAT
ZHANYBEKOVA
Head of Foreign languages
Department
S.Amansholov East-
Kasakhstan State University S.Amansholov East-
Kasakhstan State
University, Master
The paper presents different languages comparative
study, contrastive research has a theoretical applied and
practical significance. The research presented to the atten-
tion of linguists.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANGUAGES
A comparative study of languages is not done only in
historical terms, that is, diachronically, but also from the
perspective of the current state and the operation of related
and unrelated languages, in synchrony. Requirement of si-
multaneous and systematic study of human language was
made as it is known by the Swiss scholar Ferdinand de
Saussure, who proposed to distinguish such things as lan-
guage and speech, as they are two important features of
human language, and they describe it from two different
directions [1, 1984]. In a comparative study of related and
unrelated languages in synchrony there are three ap-
proaches or three varieties of comparative linguistics. The
first of these is designated as comparative linguistics, and
its main aim is to identify, mainly similarities, commonali-
ties, both in related and in unrelated languages. The sec-
ond is called comparative and contrastive linguistics, and it
sets a different purpose, in particular opposite. It aims to
find only the differences between the languages, that is to
look for properties and attributes that are unique to any
language and absent in all other comparable languages.
The third is known as typological linguistics, and it com-
bines the first two linguistics, since it reveals both a com-
mon and distinctive features, and signs in different lan-
guages [2, 2003]. Linguistics emerged as an independent
science, as we know, in the middle of the 19th century, and
its first form, as the science that studies human language
was comparison of languages, but only from one position -
a historical perspective. This direction is known in linguis-
tics as comparative historical linguistics and its founders
were such schola rs as F. Bopp, R. Rusk, J. Grimm. Com-
parative-historical linguistics had its own goals and objec-
tives in the study of human languages and in accordance
with it carried out their investigation. In this direction there
were set the following objectives:
a) to identify affinity of Germanic languages through the
study of their language similarities in historical perspective
b) Germanic languages reconstruction on the basis of
the original language and tracking of deviations from the
character in various Germanic languages in the further
course of their development
c) the creation of genetic and morphological classifica-
tion of languages
d) the establishment of the laws of historical change in
the same language at different stages of historical develop-
ment . Vocabulary study of German language in historical
perspective has been known to the creation and production
of etymological dictionaries, which have not lost their rel-
evance until the present day [1, 1994, 37-39].
Phraseological units, that are stable combinations of
words, appear, as you know, in any language, so they are
linguistic universals, as they are found in all languages.
Phraseology, as every other science, has its own object
of study and its own history of development. Phraseology
is the science of set phrases of a language or its phraseo-
logical units. Language is a very complex phenomenon,
which has its own structure and its units.
The latter includes the phonemes, morphemes, words,
phrases, sentences, text, and discourse. Phraseological
units in their form and structure are the phrases and sen-
tences. But not all the phrases or sentences can be regarded
as phraseological units of the language. In this regard, in
any language there are two types of phrases and sentences:
a) Free or variable;
b) Stable.
The first did not belong to the phraseology, because it is
created by a speaking person himself depending on its com-
municative intentions and rules of association of individual
words in a phrase or sentence in a particular language.
Such phrases or sentences can make infinite, as these pos-
sibilities are endless. Such formations are classified as a
unit in terms of what a person wants to say. In these phrases,
we can change any aspect of the structure of the organiza-
tion according to their linguistic system, the grammar, the
rules of a language, in any direction phonetics, grammar,
vocabulary, communication, stylistic transformation. Al-
though the structure of phraseological units as phrases or
sentences edits or converts them not because they have
their own language features but because they are unique
and they are distinguished from the free variables or phrases
and sentences.
Among the various features or categorical attributes phra-
seological units should primarily emphasize the stability of
their structure and composition, idiomatic nature of their
semantics, their national and cultural labeling ability, their
belonging to the speech, namely to the phraseological sys-
tem of a language. They are similar in their linguistic nature
of the word, because they are just like words, ready, al-
ready created a unit of language, and they should be as the
words taken for what they are, and to use in the speech,
although their structure is in phrases. Like the words, they
have a linguistic meaning of the words that make up phra-
seological unit.
This feature of phraseological units is qualified as idiom-
atic. German.: jmdn. auf den Arm nehmen. This phrase
appears in the literal sense as free phrase: Der Vater nahm
das Kind vorsichtig auf den Arm und hielt es ein paar
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