e caudal to
midline and
of small intestine
ended and are
pleen and in the
n is located in the
nal strangulating
stended (round)
ntestine, usually
ntral abdomen
or an increased
lso be observed.
4
2
3
Image 1
3
2
4
1
3
Nephrosplenic window – place the probe
in the 17th intercostal space (or paralumbar
fossa) at the level between the dorsal and
middle third of the left side of the abdomen.
The left kidney should be visualised deep to
the spleen (Image 4). Obstruction of the view
of the left kidney by large colon indicates
nephrosplenic entrapment (Image 5), although
it is recommended to pair these findings with
per-rectum examination (Scharner et al. 2002).
1
Gastrosplenic Window – place the probe
sequentially at the levels of the 10th-
15th intercostal spaces in the middle one
third (dorsoventrally)on the left side of the
abdomen. The normal spleen is homogeneous
and hyperechoic to the liver and the stomach
is visualised dorsal
to the spleen (Image
6 5 vein). Evaluation of the
2; arrow= splenic
stomach is limited to the greater curvature.
7 usually seen, unless
Gastric contents are not
there is increased luminal fluid (Image 3).
5
4
the dorsal right paralumbar fossa and the
apex extends to the ventral abdomen. Small
pockets of peritoneal fluid (hypoechoic) can
be a normal finding and assessment of quantity
is subjective and difficult. Haemorrhagic
fluid is homogeneously echogenic and may
appear to swirl (haemoabdomen; Image 8).
Heterogeneous fluid is usually consistent with
intestinal
rupture.
Image
7
Image 1
6
5
2
3
Gastrosplenic Window - place the probe sequentially at
the levels of the 10th15th intercostal spaces in the middle
one third (dorsoventrally) on the left side of the abdomen.
The normal spleen is homogeneous and hyperechoic
to the liver and the stomach is visualised dorsal to the
spleen (Image 2; arrow= splenic vein). Evaluation of
and
hyperechoic
to the liver and the s
the 2; stomach
is splenic
limited to
the greater
curvature.
arrow=
vein).
Evaluation
of the Gastric
3 not
is visualised
dorsal to the spleen
contents
are
usually
seen,
unless
there
is
increased
stomach is 4 limited to the greater
2; curvature.
arrow= splenic vein). Evaluation
2 fluid contents
luminal
(Image 3).
Gastric
are not usually stomach
seen, unless
is limited to the greater cu
there is increased
luminal fluid (Image
3). contents are not usually seen
1
Gastric
Image 6
there is increased luminal fluid (Image
Im
Image 8
7
Cranial Ventral Thorax – place the probe
in the intercostal space immediately caudal
to the right triceps muscle, ventrally to visualise
the cranioventral abdomen, including the liver.
Image 2
13/03/2019 13:07
4
hird – move the probe
nic window – place the probe 3
around
the
middle window
one
third
ntercostal 4
space
(or paralumbar
Nephrosplenic
– place
the probe 3
he level between the in dorsal
and
the 17th
intercostal space (or paralumbar
d of Assessment
the left side of the fossa)
abdomen.
n.
of the
small
intestinal
at
level between
the dorsal and
ney should be visualised
deep
to of the left side of the abdomen.
middle
third
Click
here
to
view
the to
(Image 4). of
Obstruction
of filled
the
left view
kidney
should be visualised
deep
ence
gas The
colon
can be
kidney by large colon
the indicates
spleen (Image 4). Obstruction of the view
original
article
nic entrapment (Image of
5), the
although
left
kidney by large
colon indicates
position.
mended to pair these nephrosplenic
findings with entrapment
Duodenal
window
– place
(Image
5), although
Image 8
Image 7
Right middle third – move the probe
systematically around the middle one
Gastrosplenic
Window – place the probe
third of the abdomen.
The caecum occupies
the dorsal right sequentially
paralumbar fossa and
at the
the levels of the
10th-
Gastrosplenic
Window – place the p
apex extends to the ventral abdomen. Small
15th fluid intercostal
spaces in the sequentially
middle one at the levels of the
pockets of peritoneal
(hypoechoic) can
be a normal finding and assessment of quantity
third (dorsoventrally)on the left 15th
side intercostal
of the
spaces in the mid
is subjective and difficult. Haemorrhagic
fluid is homogeneously
echogenic The
and normal
may
abdomen.
spleen is homogeneous
third (dorsoventrally)on the left side
appear to swirl (haemoabdomen; Image 8).
and
hyperechoic
stomach
abdomen.
The normal spleen is homog
Heterogeneous fluid
is usually
consistent with to the liver and the
intestinal rupture. is visualised dorsal to the spleen (Image
Image 2
ge 1
the probe
ddle one third
of small intestinal
ed colon can be
Nephros
in the 17
fossa) a
middle t
The left
the splee
of the l
nephrosp
it is reco
per-rectu
Your complete animal imaging solution
Image 6
210 x 275 Article - April.indd 2
(Busoni et al. 2011)
Image 3
1
Left middle third – move the probe
systematically around the middle one third
of the abdomen. Assessment of small intestinal
loops and presence of gas filled colon can be
assessed in this position.
FLASH technique
Image 2
5
FLASH technique
(Busoni et al. 2011)
02
01
FLASH technique
(Busoni et al. 20
6
Duodenal window – place the probe
in the 14-15th intercostal space at the
level between the middle to dorsal third
on the right side of the abdomen. The liver,
duodenum and right dorsal colon (RDC) are
Image 2
visible (Image 6). The RDC is characterised
by a large, smooth curvature. Wall thickness
of >4mm is considered abnormal, especially
probe
caudal
to 7).
if irregularly
thickened (Image
place the probe caudal 5 to
6 - place the probe caudal to the sternum on
m on the ventral Ventrum
midline
and – place the
Ventrum
ventral
midline
and move caudally. Normal loops of
7
ally. Normal loops the
of small
the intestine
sternum
on the ventral midline and
small move
intestine
are collapsed
to mildly distended and are
ed the to
mildly
and
are
3 distended
ce
probe
caudally.
Normal loops of small intestine
or
paralumbar
usually
identified
deep
to the spleen
and and
in the are
inguinal
tified
deep
to
the
spleen
and
in
the
are
collapsed
to
mildly
distended
the dorsal and
4 The in
ion.
large colon
is Image
located
the colon
region.
large
is located
the ventral
of
the The
abdomen.
usually
identified
deep
to the in
spleen
and in abdomen.
the
ualised deep to
omen.
Small intestinal
strangulating
3
Small
intestinal
strangulating
lesions
are associated
inguinal
region.
The large colon
is located
in the
ction of the view
associated
(round)
4
colon indicates with distended
ventral
abdomen.
Small
intestinal
strangulating
with
distended
(round)
and
amotile
loops
of
small
2
mage 5), although
e
loops of small intestine,
intestine, usually
usually
Image 3 (round)
with
ese findings with
identified
the distended
caudoventral
abdomen
Duodenal lesions
window – are
place associated
the probe 5 in
1
n et
the
caudoventral
abdomen
arner
al. 2002).
in the 14-15th
intercostal
at the of small intestine, usually
and
(Image
1). amotile
It is space
not loops
unusual
for an Image
increased
volume of
6
level for
between
the middle to dorsal third
It is not unusual
an
increased
identified
in
the
caudoventral
abdomen
on the
right
side
of
the
abdomen.
The
liver,
peritoneal
fluid to also be observed.
peritoneal fluid to
also
be
duodenum
and observed.
right dorsal
Right for
middle
third – move the probe 6
(Image
1). colon
It is (RDC)
not are
unusual
an increased
visible (Image 6). The RDC is characterised
systematically around the middle one
volume
of peritoneal
observed.
by a large, smooth curvature.
Wall thickness fluid to
third also
of the be
abdomen.
The caecum occupies
of >4mm is considered abnormal, especially
Image
5
if irregularly
thickened
(Image 7).
Im
6
7
5
7
Im
7
Cranial Ventral Thorax – place the probe
in the intercostal space immediately caudal
to the right triceps muscle, ventrally to visualise
the cranioventral abdomen, including the liver.
Image 7
Your complete animal imaging solution
5
Left mid
systemat
of the ab
loops an
assessed
Image 3
the probe
examination (Scharner it et
2002).
Image 3
13:07
in to the
intercostal
at the
is al.
recommended
pair 14-15th
these findings
with space 13/03/2019
Duodenal
window – place the probe
level between
per-rectum examination
(Scharner the
et al. middle
2002). to dorsal
in the third
14-15th intercostal space at the
on the right side of the abdomen.
The between
liver,
level
the middle to dorsal third
duodenum and right dorsal colon on
(RDC)
third
move the probe
the are
right side Right
of the middle
abdomen.
The – liver,
visible (Image 6). The RDC is characterised
systematically
the middle
duodenum and right
dorsal colon around
(RDC) are
Right one
middle third – move the p
by a large, smooth curvature. Wall visible
thickness
the is abdomen.
The caecum
occupies
(Image 6). third
The of
RDC
characterised
systematically
around the middle
of >4mm is considered abnormal, by
especially
the curvature.
dorsal right
fossa
the abdomen. The caecum o
a large, smooth
Wall paralumbar
thickness
third and
of the
if irregularly thickened (Image 7). of >4mm is considered
apex extends
to especially
the ventral abdomen.
Small right paralumbar fossa a
abnormal,
the dorsal
5
6