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URT endoscopy | EQUINE to yield an accurate result. They also need to be aware that RLN is progressive and may occur in the career of any race horse. In addition, there is some evidence that RLN is heritable and early recognition may be important in future breeding planning with affected and nonaffected individuals (Gerber et al. 2015:390-397). In conclusion, this study shows that RLN grading occurs at the following rates in Thoroughbred yearlings at premier public auction in South Africa: Grade 1: 84.04%, grade 2: 14.49%, grade 3: 0.71% and grade 4: 0.76%. The results are similar to that of an adult population of actively racing horses examined in South Africa. References Allen, K.J. & Franklin, S.H., 2010, ‘Comparisons of overground endoscopy and treadmill endoscopy in UK Thoroughbred racehorses’, Equine Veterinary Journal 42(3), 186–191. Anderson, B.H., Kannegieter, N.J. & Goulden, B.E., 1997, ‘Endoscopic observations on laryngeal symmetry and movements in young racing horses’, New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45(5), 188–192. Barakzai, S.Z. & Dixon, P.M., 2011, ‘Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction’, Equine Veterinary Journal 43(1), 18–23. Brown, J.A., Hinchcliff, K.W., Jackson, M.A., Dredge, A.F., O’Callaghan, R.A., McCaffrey, J.R., Slocombe, R.F. & Clarke, A.F., 2005, ‘Prevalence of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities in Thoroughbreds racing in Australia, and their association with performance’, Equine Veterinary Journal 37(5), 397-401. Dart, A.J., Dowling, B.A., Hodgson, D.R. & Rose, R.J., 2001, ‘Evaluation of high-speed treadmill videoendoscopy for diagnosis of upper respiratory tract dysfunction in horses’, Australian Veterinary Journal 79(2), 109–112. Desmaizieres, L.M., Serraud, N., Plainfosse, B., Michel, A. & Tamzali, Y., 2009, ‘Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without treadmill in 68 performance Standardbred, Thoroughbred and Saddle horses under natural training conditions’, Equine Veterinary Journal 41(4), 347–352. Ducharme, N.G., Hackett, R.P., Fubini, S.L. & Erb, H.N., 1991, ‘The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part II. Influence of side examination, re-examination, and sedation’, Veterinary Surgery 20(3), 180-184. Embertson, R.M., 2004, ‘Sales: Problems in diagnosis of RLN– USA perspective. Equine Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy’, in P. Dixon, E. Robinson, & J.F. Wade (eds.), Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series No 11, pp. 42-44, R&W Publications Ltd, Newmarket. Fisher, R.A., 1922, ‘On the interpretation of χ2 from contingency tables, and the calculation of P’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 85(1), 87–94. Garrett, K.S., Pierce S.W., Embertson, R.M. & Stromberg, A.J., 2010, ‘Endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid function and epiglottic structure in Thoroughbred yearlings and association with racing performance at two to four years of age: 2,954 cases (1998-2001)’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 236(6), 669–673. Gerber, V., Tessier, C. & Marti, E., 2015, ‘Genetics of upper and lower airway disease in the horse’, Equine Veterinary Journal 47(4), 390-397 Gibbons, J., 1976, Nonparametric Methods for Quantitative Analysis, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. Kelly, P.G., 2016, ‘Studies on serial resting and dynamic endoscopic examination of Thoroughbred yearlings’, MVM(R) thesis, University of Glasgow. Lane, J.G., 2004, ‘Sales: long-term longitudinal study of laryngeal function in 187 foals’, in P. Dixon, E Robinson & J.F. Wade (eds.), Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series No 11, pp. 31-32, R&W Publications Ltd, Newmarket. Mirazo, J.E., Page, P., Rubio-Martinez, L., Marais, H.J. & Lyle, C., 2014, ‘Dynamic upper respiratory abnormalities in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Africa’, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 85(1), 1-6. Pascoe, J.R., Ferraro, G.L., Cannon, J.H., Arthur, R.M. & Wheat, J.D., 1981, ‘Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Thoroughbreds: a preliminary study’, American Journal of Veterinary Research 42(5), 703-707. Perkins, J.D., Salz, R.O., Schumacher, J., Liveseyz, L., Piercy, R.J. & Barakzai, S.Z., 2009, ‘Variability of resting endoscopic grading for assessment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses’, Equine Veterinary Journal 41(4), 342-346. Pollock, P.J., Reardon, R.J.M., Parkin, T.D.H., Johnston, M.S., Tate, J. & Love, S., 2009, ‘Dynamic respiratory endoscopy in 67 Thoroughbred racehorses training under normal ridden exercise conditions’, Equine Veterinary Journal 41(4), 354-360. Rakestraw, P.C., Hackett, R.P., Ducharme, N.G., Nielan, G.J. & Erb, H.N., 1991, ‘Arytenoid cartilage movement in resting and exercising horses’, Veterinary Surgery 20(2), 122-127. Raphel, C.F., 1982, ‘Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 181(5), 470-473. Saulez, M.N. & Gummow, B., 2009, ‘Prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses, and effect on performance’, Veterinary Record 165(15), 431-435. Stick, J.A., Peloso, J.G., Moorehead, J.P., Lloyd, J., Eberhart, S., Padungtod, P. & Derksen, F.J., 2001, ‘Endoscopic assessment of airway function as a predictor of racing performance in Thoroughbred yearlings: 427 cases (1997-2000)’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219(7), 962–967. Sweeny, C.R., Mason, A.D. & Soma, L.R., 1991, ‘Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 678 Thoroughbred racehorses’, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(6), 1037-1038. Tan, R.H., Dowling, B.A. & Dart, A.J., 2005, ‘High-speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in the horse: The results of 291 clinical cases’, Veterinary Journal 170(2), 243–248. • Volume 22 Issue 02 | June 2020 • 29