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or hand pump is to be fixed? Where is the government when a fused light bulb is to be changed? Who will empty the tens of thousands of new septic tanks as a consequence of Swachch Bharat? As a matter of fact, in most of our villages there is no government presence at all, save for the occasional school teacher in the village school. If Prime Minister Narendra Modi contemplates filling this vacuum he must begin with the tier of bureaucracy that interacts with people the most. This is India’s district administration. India, as one state, has never been larger. With 1.3 billion people under its flag, today’s India, a fractious and youthful democracy with a billion unsatisfied aspirations would easily be the toughest public administration challenge in the world. Its system of public administration evolved over the millennia as a system of exercising imperial authority, maintaining law and order, and raising revenues. In return, the state offered security and stability, leaving the myriad communities to manage their everyday affairs in the traditional www.smartgovernance.in | February 2020 25