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28. Vandana Shiva has contributed profoundly to a historical and anti-capitalist ecofeminist
critique of the intersection between patriarchy, colonialism, global capital and ecological
degradation. See Vandana Shiva and Maria Mies, Ecofeminism (London: Zed Books, 1993).
29. In 1987, I coined the term "social ecofeminism" to clarify a specifically leftist trajectory
within a steadily differentiating ecofeminist milieu. That year, the term was embraced by the
Left Green Network that included social ecofeminism as one of its "Ten Key Values".
In 1989, the Youth Greens embraced a social ecofeminism as well. Within these green forums
and at the ISE, the term referred to an approach to ecofeminism informed by social anarchism
and social ecology; it reflected an attempt to combine an historical understanding of questions
of nature and gender with a reconstructive and utopian vision of a post-capitalist, post-statist
society.
30. Judith Plant, "Introduction," in Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism, , ed.
Judith Plant (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1989), pp. 1-7.
31. Many of the essays within Reweaving The World were originally presented as papers at the
Ecofeminist Perspectives: Culture, Nature, Theory conference held at the University of
Southern California in 1987.
32. In the early 1990s, there emerged a body of critical writings about the relationship
between ecofeminism and questions of spiritualism, essentialism, and hegemony surrounding
Third World development. See Ynestra King, "Ecofeminism: The Necessity of History &
Mystery," in King, What is Ecofeminism (New York: Ecofeminist Resources, 1990). Also, for a
more controversial discussion, see Janet Biehl, Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics (Montreal:
Black Rose Books, 1991) and Catriona Sandilands, "Ecofeminism and It's Discontents: Notes
Toward a Politics of Diversity," in Trumpeter, 8:2 Spring 1991. See also Cecile Jackson,
"Women/Nature or Gender/History? A Critique of Ecofeminist Development," in The Journal
of Peasant Studies , Vol. 20, No. 3. April 1993, pp. 389-419. Chris J. Cuomo also offers an
interesting discussion of anti-essential criticism in Feminism and Ecological Communities
(London: Routledge, 1998).
33. Charlene Spretnak, "Ecofeminism: Our Roots and Flowering," in Reweaving the World: the
Emergence of Ecofeminism, eds. Irene Diamond and Gloria Feman Orenstein (San Francisco:
Sierra Club Books, 1990), p. 6.
34. Ibid., p. 10.
35. See Greta Gaard, "Misunderstanding Ecofeminism," ZMagazine 3 (1) (1994): 22.
36 . For a look at ecofeminists discussions of animal liberation that appeared in the early
1990s, see Greta Gaard's anthology Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature (Philadelphia:
Temple University Press, 1993).
37. See Greta Gaard, Ecological Politics: Ecofeminists and the Greens (Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1988); Noel Sturgeon, Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory
and Political Action, (London: Routledge, 1987); and Chris Cuomo, Feminism and ecological
communities: an ethic of flourishing (London.', Routledge, 1998).