Appendix
Appendix 1
The Three Waves of Feminism
First Wave Feminism
The first wave of feminism emerged through “an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist
politics.” (Rampton, 2015) . Through the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century we see the
push of the suffrage. The wave begun at “Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 when three hundred men and
women rallied to the cause of equality for women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (d.1902) drafted the Seneca
Falls Declaration outlining the new movement’s ideology and political strategies.” (Rampton, 2015). Thus,
the movement of feminism begun focusing on equality for women.
Second Wave Feminism
In the second wave of feminism the movement becomes more radical, with influences from smaller
political groups such as anti-war and civil right movements. According to Rampton, “In this phase, sex-
uality and reproductive rights were dominant issues, and much of the movement’s energy was focused
on passing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing social equality regardless of
sex.” (Rampton, 2015). During a period of social shifting, feminism began to become more dramatical and
gained more supporters through women from other social groups such as black civil rights movement,
gay and lesbian movement and Anti- Vietnam war movement.
Third Wave Feminism
Third wave feminism defines women as subjects not objects. In this wave, we see a movement of strong
empowered women. What sets this wave apart from the previous waves is the “re-adoption by young
feminists of, lip-stick, high-heels, and cleavage proudly exposed by low cut necklines that the first two
phases of the movement identified with male oppression” (Rampton, 2015). This wave of feminism is
multi-cultural and global. It breaks boundaries by celebrating differences within social groups and there-
fore creating a stronger and powerful movement.
Appendix 2
Characteristics of Millennials
Millennials since a young age have been adapting to technology advancements, making them “most
familiar with communications, media and digital technology” (Moloney, 2017). This shows that millen-
nials are technology savvy. Millennials are more open-minded compared to other generations. This is
because Millennials were born into a much more “liberal political and economic world than before and
lived through the Great Recession” (Moloney, 2017). This means that they are much more creative and
furthermore suggests a social shift. As millennials are open-minded they are more likely to pick on social
matters such as sexism, feminism, LGBT movement and racism and fight for a change. Millennials have
more “self-assurance” (Moloney, 2017), which is why the likes of travelling and university enrolment have
increased because Millennials believe in themselves.