Construction Issue
ground motion. The frame of a building should have
adequate ductility so as to permit energy dissipation
through plastic deformations. For important and tall
buildings proper dynamic analysis should be carried
out.
Soil & Foundation
Building constructed on fills suffer severe damage
Hard foundation is found to be suitable for all types of
building. Construction of buildings on loose soil such
as filled up should be avoided unless proper care is
taken in the foundation design. Loose sandy soil with
high water table subjected to violent ground shaking
which may lead to liquefaction. The liquefaction
causes damage to buildings due to differential
settlement, tilting or sinking. Isolated footings
undergo differential settlement. Tall buildings resting
on piles withstood earthquakes well. Structures on hill
slopes where landslide is expected, should be
avoided.
Detailing
Inadequate quantities and anchorage of longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement cause damage/ failure.
Splicing joints are weak against earthquakes. Column
splicing should be provided in the middle of the
column he