Retrieved from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S1
22 Marx, Karl. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), introduction by Erich Fromm, op cit, 122-23.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid, 122.
25 Ibid, 123.
26 “Division of labour only becomes truly such from the moment when a division of material and mental labour appears.” Marx, Karl. “History: Fundamental Conditions,” The German Ideology, 1945. Retrieved from: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm
27 Marx, Karl. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), introduction by Erich Fromm, op cit, 123.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid
30 Ibid, 120.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid, 123-24.
33 Ibid, 124.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Greenberg, Michael. “The Passions of Vargas Llosa,” The New York Review of Books, 26 May 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/05/26/the-passions-of-vargas-llosa/
38 Gordon, Peter. “New Biography Focuses on Karl Instead of Marxism,” review of Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (The Belknap Press/Harvard University, 2016), Book Review, The New York Times, 10 October 2016. Retrieved from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/23/books/review/karl-marx-gareth-stedman-jones.html
39 Greenberg, Michael. “The Passions of Vargas Llosa,” The New York Review of Books, Volume LXIII, Number 9, 26 May 2016, 46; review of Mario Vargas Llosa, “Notes on the Death of Culture: Essays on Spectacle and Society” and “The Discreet Hero.”
40 Martin, Felix. “History’s Trust Fund: An economist argues that civilization’s rise hangs on the power of finance,” The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times, 26 June 2016, 13. A review of William N. Goetzmann, Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible (Princeton University Press, 2016).
41 Harvey, David. “Visualizing Capital,” School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83Yx6RBvoFc
42 Sara Walker and Lee Cronin, “Time is an Object,” Aeon and Santa Fe Institute, edited by Cameron Allan McKean, 19 May 2023.
51 Recent theorists are, in fact, now arguing the Grundrisse as a foundation for contextualizing the rise of AI: for example, his prediction that labor would appear “subsumed under the total process of the machinery itself … whose unity exists not in the living workers, but rather in the living machinery, which confronts his individual, insignificant doings as a mighty organism.” However, as noted by the author, Marx was no Luddite. In line with much of the optimism amongbig tech executives in California, Marx thought that automation could liberate humanity from the “necessary labor” of reproducing society. However, in the Grundrisse, he denies that privately owned machines seeking a profit will ever be able to liberate humans from work. Instead, machines