Different Antisemitisms: On Three Distinct Forms of Antisemitism in C | Page 17

Machtübernahme in 1933 did, as we know, not prevent them from being targets of harassment
at first, and then extermination. Perhaps rather the opposite is true.
A relevant question, following the observation that Jews, particularly in Sweden and
France, are attacked because they are Jews, is how this impacts them mentally? Will they be
afraid? Will they manifest that fear by, for instance, hiding the fact that they are Jewish? And
perhaps also by avoiding visiting Jewish sites more than Jews do in the other investigated
countries?
We asked the Jewish respondents in the investigated countries if they ever avoid
wearing, carrying or displaying items in public that might help people recognize them as
Jews? The extent to which Jews in the eight countries do so is presented in Figure 17:

Corresponding with the findings concerning experience of physical attacks, we find that
particularly in Sweden and France, more Jews avoid wearing, carrying or displaying things
that might help people recognize them as Jews in public than in the other countries.
We also asked the Jewish respondents “How often do you avoid visiting Jewish events
or sites because you do not feel safe as a Jew there, or on the way there?” The answers are
presented in Figure 18.

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