Europe’ s criminal groups are expanding MDMA production, refining their trafficking methods and‘ extending their reach to new countries and regions’, says a joint report from Europol and the European Union Drugs Agency( EUDA). The European MDMA market is estimated to be worth almost EUR 600m a year, the document says. This equates to around 72m ecstasy tablets consumed in the EU, with more than 12m Europeans having used the drug at least once in their lifetime.
While MDMA is usually made using large industrial reactors – the‘ high pressure’ method – manufacturers are constantly adapting their production process es in response to shortages of precursor chemicals or equip ment. Restrictions on the availability of high-pressure reactors, for example, has led to producers in the Netherlands switching to the‘ cold method’, which is associated with increased risk of fires and explosions.
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Precursor chemicals are usually obtained by criminal networks with links to legitimate businesses, the report points out, while producers also bypass legal controls by sourcing unregulated alternative substances from China and elsewhere. Producing MDMA can also generate up to 3,000 tonnes of chemical waste a year – which is‘ typically dumped away from the production sites, causing health hazards, environmental damage and costly clean-ups’.
Outside of the‘ buoyant’ EU market and profitable markets in Asia and Oceania, there are signs that Latin America is becoming an increasingly important destination for European MDMA, the report states – using traditional cocaine trafficking routes‘ in the opposite direction’. The average MDMA content per tablet was as high as 170mg in 2019, the report states, but had fallen to 144mg three years later – likely the result of the temporary fall in demand during the pandemic. Research by The
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Loop found that almost half of the MDMA sold at English music festivals in 2021 was in fact fake – up from just 7 per cent two years previously( DDN, July / August 2022, page 4).
While the trend of seeing rising amounts of MDMA in pills‘ seems to have reversed’, potent tablets are still very much in circulation, the report warns.‘ Ecstasy tablets that contain high amounts of MDMA, or unexpected ingredients, pose serious risks,’ said EUDA executive director Alexis Goosdeel.‘ Harm reduction measures, like drugchecking services, are crucial to mitigate the dangers. Tailored prevention and treatment services are more critical than ever, as MDMA tablets may contain new psychoactive substances that could have
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‘ Tailored prevention and treatment services are more critical than ever.’
ALEXIS GOOSDEEL
harmful consequences.’
EU drug market: MDMA – indepth analysis at https:// www. euda. europa. eu / publications / eudrug-markets / mdma _ en
ZUMA Press Inc / Alamy
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