8 . Chalmers AC , Busby C , Goyert J , Porter B , Schulzer M . Metatarsalgia and rheumatoid arthritis--a randomized , single blind , sequential trial comparing 2 types of foot orthoses and supportive shoes . J Rheumatol . 2000 ; 27 ( 7 ): 1643 – 1647 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 10914845
9 . Woodburn J , Barker S , Helliwell PS . A randomized controlled trial of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis . J Rheumatol . 2002 ; 29 ( 7 ): 1377 – 1383 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 12136891
10 . Powell M , Seid M , Szer IS . Efficacy of custom foot orthotics in improving pain and functional status in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis : a randomized trial . J Rheumatol . 2005 ; 32 ( 5 ): 943 – 950 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 15868634
11 . Woodburn J , Helliwell PS , Barker S . Changes in 3D joint kinematics support the continuous use of orthoses in the management of painful rearfoot deformity in rheumatoid arthritis . J Rheumatol . 2003 ; 30 ( 11 ): 2356 – 2364 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 14677177
12 . de P Magalhães E , Davitt M , Filho DJ , Battistella LR , Bértolo MB . The effect of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis [ published online ahead of print November 15 , 2005 ]. Rheumatology ( Oxford ). 2006 ; 45 ( 4 ): 449 – 453 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 16287926
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction 13 . Alvarez RG , Marini A , Schmitt C , Saltzman CL . Stage I and II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction treated by a structured nonoperative management protocol : an orthosis and exercise program . Foot Ankle Int . 2006 ; 27 ( 1 ): 2 – 8 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 16442022
14 . Lin JL , Balbas J , Richardson EG . Results of non-surgical treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction : a 7- to 10-year followup . Foot Ankle Int . 2008 ; 29 ( 8 ): 781 – 786 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 18752775
15 . Chao W , Wapner KL , Lee TH , Adams J , Hecht PJ . Nonoperative management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction . Foot Ankle In . 1996 ; 17 ( 12 ): 736 – 741 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 8973895
16 . Augustin JF , Lin SS , Berberian WS , Johnson JE . Nonoperative treatment of adult acquired flat foot with the Arizona brace . Foot Ankle Clin . 2003 ; 8 ( 3 ): 491 – 502 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 14560901
The Painful Foot
17 . Burns J , Crosbie J , Ouvrier R , Hunt A . Effective orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot : a randomized controlled trial . J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 2006 ; 96 ( 3 ): 205 – 211 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 16707631
18 . Slattery M , Tinley P . The efficacy of functional foot orthoses in the control of pain in ankle joint disintegration in hemophilia . J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 2001 ; 91 ( 5 ): 240 – 244 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 11359888
19 . Postema K , Burm PE , Zande ME , Limbeek J . Primary metatarsalgia : the influence of a custom moulded insole and rockerbar on plantar pressure . Prosthet Orthot Int . 1998 ; 22 ( 1 ): 35 – 44 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 9604274
20 . Kang JH , Chen MD , Chen SC , Hsi WL . Correlations between subjective treatment responses and plantar pressure parameters of metatarsal pad treatment in metatarsalgia patients : a prospective study . BMC Musculoskelet Disord . 2006 ; 7:95 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 17147793
21 . Grady JF , Axe TM , Zager EJ , Sheldon LA . A retrospective analysis of 772 patients with hallux limitus . J Am Podiatr Med Assoc . 2002 ; 92 ( 2 ): 102 – 108 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 11847262
22 . Hawke F , Burns J , Radford JA , du Toit V . Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2008 ;( 3 ): CD006801 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 18646168
The Diabetic Foot
23 . Mueller MJ , Lott DJ , Hastings MK , Commean PK , Smith KE , Pilgram TK . Efficacy and mechanism of orthotic devices to unload metatarsal heads in people with diabetes and a history of plantar ulcers . Phys Ther . 2006 ; 86 ( 6 ): 833 – 842 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 16737409
24 . Burns J , Wegener C , Begg L , Vicaretti M , Fletcher J . Randomized trial of custom orthoses and footwear on foot pain and plantar pressure in diabetic peripheral arterial disease . Diabet Med . 2009 ; 26 ( 9 ): 893 – 899 . www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 19719710
25 . Bus SA , Valk GD , van Deursen RW , et al . The effectiveness of footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in diabetes : a systematic review . Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 2008 ; 24 ( suppl 1 : S162 – 180 ). www . ncbi . nlm .
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Editor ’ s note : This article was originally published in the July 2011 issue of The O & P EDGE . Copyright 2011 Western Media / The O & P EDGE . Reprinted with permission .
Séamus Kennedy has been a Certified Pedorthist since 1996 . He studied Mechanical Engineering at University College Dublin and worked in industry for seven years . He and his brother bought Hersco Ortho Labs in 1995 . They have developed it into a central fabrication company that makes custom foot orthotics , custom molded shoes , AFOs and ankle gauntlets . Kennedy is the pedorthic contributor to The O & P Edge , writing the bimonthly “ Stepping Out ” column . He frequently gives talks on pedorthics and biomechanics to practitioners and doctors within the O & P profession .
Current Pedorthics January | February 2012 33