clinician. Inclusion criteria for the study
required a pronated or neutral foot type as
determined by the total FPI score when applied
by an experienced clinician. Participants who
had a negative FPI score indicating a pes
cavus foot type were excluded from the study.
Participants with history of major lower limb or
back trauma, surgery or any systemic disorder
affecting the musculoskeletal system were
excluded from the study.
Three-dimensional motion of an 11-point retro-
reflective marker set attached to the subject's
right limb was collected using a Motion Analysis
9-video camera system (Falcon 8 mm, Motion
Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA) and a motion
analysis system EvaRT 3.4 (Motion Analysis
Corp.). Markers were applied to the hallux,
head of the fifth metatarsal and navicular for
the forefoot segment. The rearfoot and shank
consisted of medial, lateral and posterior
calcaneal markers and medial and lateral
malleolar and upper, lower and lateral tibial
makers (Figure 1). Leg markers were 1 cm
in diameter, foot markers ranged from 0.5
cm-0.75 cm in diameter. The marker set was
used to create a rigid three-segment, three-
dimensional lower limb model consisting of
forefoot, rearfoot, and shank [4] . The cameras
were arranged around a central 15 m walkway,
creating a capture volume approximately 2.5 m
long, 1.5 m high and 1 m wide, varying slightly
according to the height and leg length of the
Current Pedorthics | May/June 2019
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