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Figure 1 . Rural community residential radon levels are higher relative to urban equivalents , resulting in excess radiation exposures . Panel ( A ) Schematic of the urban to rural community paradigm used within this study , including Canadian examples of population centre types . Panel ( B ) The distribution of residential buildings as a function of community types outlined in ( A ) for our study ( outer pie chart ) and the 2021 Canada Census ( inner pie chart ). Panel ( C ) Distribution of responses from occupants of the properties in our study after being asked to describe how they identified their community . Panel ( D ) Raw data for residential radon levels ( n = 42,051 ) as a function of community type , with expanded region in right graph demonstrating geometric means . Dashed lines represent the geometric mean of whole dataset . Panel E . Geometric means from ( D ) indicating percent differences relative to city residential radon levels . Panel ( F ) Alpha particle irradiation dose rates ( mSv / y ) from radon in the primary residence of occupants across diverse community types . Panel ( G ) The percentage of time in a year spent occupying different environments including the primary residence ( very light grey ), a different residential building ( medium grey ), any non-residential building type ( light grey ), or in a vehicle or outside ( black ), as a function of community types . Panel ( H ) For each community type , the percentage of time per year spent in each environment ( indicated by colours and icons used in ( A ) by season . Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA on log transformed data . **** = p < 0.0001 ; *** = p < 0.001 ; ** = p < 0.01 ; * p < 0.05 ; ns = p > 0.05 . Figures were prepared using Excel and GraphPad Prism 9.1.1 ( 225 ) ( www .graphpad .com ). Other graphics were producing using Adobe Illustrator .
������ ������� ���� �������� ���������� ���������� ���� ������� ��� ������ �������� ������� ������ ����������� We assessed average indoor air residential radon levels ( i . e . alpha radiation emissions in Bq / m 3 ) as a function of GIS-derived community types , and observed that properties in the most rural communities displayed significantly ( p < 0.0001 ) greater geometric mean radon level (~ 112 Bq / m 3 ), being up to ~ 31.2 % higher on average compared to those in the most populous urban centres (~ 86 Bq / m 3 ) ( Fig . 1D – E ). The upper 95 % confidence interval ( CI 95 ) of radon in rural communities ( CI 95 = 529 Bq / m 3 for small towns , 567 Bq / m 3 for village-hamlet-isolated properties ) was ≥ 200 Bq / m 3 greater versus more urban equivalents ( CI 95 = 331 Bq / m 3 for cities , 386 Bq / m 3 for large towns ), reflecting community-specific disparities even among houses deemed to
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