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Chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes are associated with occupational exposure to benzene . Chromosomal aberrations , micronuclei , sister chromatid exchange and sperm head abnormalities have been seen in laboratory species treated in vivo . Chromosomal aberrations and mutations were seen in human cells in vitro and in laboratory animal cells in some in vitro studies . 1 , 2
� Benzene is fetotoxic in mice and rabbits following maternal exposure by inhalation , causing a reduction in birth weight . 2 It is not , however , teratogenic in experimental animals , even at maternally toxic doses .
Monitoring exposure �
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Estimates of benzene exposure can be made through measurement of urinary inorganic and organic sulfate conjugates . Measurement of urinary phenol levels has historically been the standard bioassay for benzene exposure , despite the welldescribed limitations of this test . 2
The haematological effects of chronic benzene poisoning in exposed workers can be |
detected by monitoring blood counts at regular intervals . For example , the United |
States Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends monthly blood |
counts and removal of workers from areas with high benzene exposure if they have |
white blood cell counts |
below 4000 / mm 3
|
or erythrocyte counts below |
4 000 000 / mm 3 . 8
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|
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Risk mitigation recommendations
Eliminate use � Promote the use of alternative solvents in industrial processes , glues and paints . �
Develop and implement policies and legislation to remove benzene from consumer products .
Reduce exposure �
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Reduce exposure at petrol filling stations as far as possible by following best practices in location , design and extraction .
Minimize emissions from vehicle exhausts by improved design and regular monitoring of engine settings .
Separate dwelling spaces from areas where vehicles and benzene-containing products are kept . In particular , isolate children from indoor exposure to vehicle emissions .
� Avoid domestic use of benzene-containing products . � Discourage indoor use of unflued oil and gasoline heating . � Prohibit smoking inside buildings .