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618 Judicial branch, 245, 268–69, 400 adherence to procedure, 476 authority vs. power, 509–10 Congressional control of, 511–13 independence of, 335, 464, 500–508, 514 lack of discretionary authority, 515 lack of in Articles of Confederation, 159 lower courts, 513–14 overburdened, 597 recognition of common law, 35 See also Supreme Court of the United States Judicial construction, 463 Judicial power, 311–12, 508–11 amendment limiting, 566–67 Congressional limits on, 268, 511–13 defined, 509–10 limited by Federalism, 510–11 Judicial review, 331 of administrative decisions, 347 doctrine of, 119, 348, 476–85 extension of rule of law, 349 as legislative power, 331, 336 of State court decisions and State laws, 483–85 types of, 463–66, 485 Judicial self-restraint, doctrine of, 475 Judiciary Act of 1789, 36, 268, 484, 485, 513–14, 553 Judiciary Act of 1801, 495, 519 Jurisdiction, of Supreme Court, 486–87, 510, 511–16, 528–32 Jurisprudence, 597 Just compensation, 410, 420, 421 in Northwest Ordinance, 458 Justice, 4, 350 defined, 5 varying meanings of, 127 Justices of the Peace, 107 Index Justinian, Emperor, 34 Justinian Code, 35 Kendall, Willmoore, xvii Kent, James: Commentaries on American Law, 36, 239, 414 Kentucky, 308 Kentucky Resolutions, 492–94 King, Rufus, 251, 269, 270 King-in-Parliament, 30, 298 King’s councils (Witans), 26 Korea, Republic of, Constitution, 4 Labor relations, 344–45 Laissez-faire economics, 343 Lame Duck Amendment, 583–85 Law, intent of, 466–67 Law of nations, 509 Laws, hierarchy of, 463, 477–80 League of Nations, 156 Lee, Richard Henry, 117, 390 absence from Constitutional Convention, 119, 253 accusation of plagiarism against Jefferson, 125 proposal to dissolve colonial relationship with England, 152 and Virginia’s sea-to-sea claim, 154 Lee, Robert E., 494 Legal education, 597 Legal positivism, 127 Legislative assemblies, 481 Legislative courts, 506 Legislative residency, 98–99 Legislative supremacy, 349, 477 American rejection of, 1, 33–34 lack of protection against in first state constitutions, 150 rejection of by First Continental Congress, 90 Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 113