YEVA HARUTYUNYAN
cooperation , but also assisting the efforts of these states to establish Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the region . Japan , which adopted “ three non-nuclear principles ” of not possessing , not producing , and not permitting the introduction of nuclear weapon in 1967 , is encouraging anti-nuclear movement in the world . Mostly Kazakhstan , the soil of which was treated as a nuclear testing ground and was conducted as many as 460 nuclear tests during Soviet Union period , highly appreciated Japan ’ s efforts towards international nuclear disarmament and establishment of non-proliferation regime . 9
For contributing peace and stability , Japan is using Official Development Assistance ( ODA ) program ∗ as a tool to provide financial assistance not only to international organizations like the United Nation ( UN ), the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of UN 10 , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ), the World Bank , World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and etc ., but also supports developing states directly to overcome internal problems . Thus , ODA is broadly divided into bilateral aid and multilateral aid which provides assistance to developing states via Japan ’ s International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ). There are three types of bilateral aid - technical cooperation , loans , and grant aid ( see Map 1 ). The type of aid is defined by the level of income of the states . 11
9
Nuclear Nonproliferation & Security , Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Washington , D . C ., https :// kazakhembus . com / foreign-policy / nuclear-nonproliferationsecurity ( accessed August 11 , 2020 ).
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It is notable that ODA program has taken its start as a part of Japan ' s post-war reparations program to Southeast Asian countries since the 1960s . In 1978 Japan became the leading bilateral provider of ODA in Asia and eleven years later became the greatest ODA donor in the world .
10
“ United Nations Peacekeepers : Which Countries Provide the Most Troops and Funding ?” Best Delegate , January 10 , 2017 , http :// bestdelegate . com / united-nationspeacekeepers-which-countries-provide-the-most-troops-and-funding / ( accessed August 11 , 2020 ). 11 “ Japan ’ s ODA and JICA , ” Website of Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ),
https :// www . jica . go . jp / english / about / oda / index . html ( accessed August 11 , 2020 ). 28