NAREK MKRTCHYAN
The example of discourse on literature / cultural resistance would be the works of Soviet Armenian prominent writer Hrant Matevosyan, in which resistance is represented not only by“ bringing of undesirable topics into literature but also in discourse strategies” 28. Such kind of manifestations could hardly be imagined in Kazakhstan, in which discourse works in favor of Russians. Since Soviet times Russian has been considered as a language of science and everyday life in many former Soviet republics. However, it is important to mention that the languages like Armenian and Georgian did not suffer due to the strong Russian influence, but conversely owing to the translation, the terminology of various sciences had been adopted to the Armenian language. Indeed, this is also speaking about the languages’ rich vocabulary. As a consequence, the classes of history, literature, philosophy, physics, chemistry, biology, and even astronomy were in the native Armenian language.
The media is making a significant contribution to the reproduction of certain ideologies. According to the law on languages, at least fifty percent of media broadcasting should be in the Kazakh language 29. Russian language TV programmes broadcasting in Kazakhstan played a pivotal role regarding socialization. Mass media became an excellent tool in the hands of Kazakhstani elite to transform members of the society into the consumers of their ideologies. The prioritization of Kazakh language in the spheres of mass media gives opportunities for the Kazakh language to become quite powerful regarding ideological leadership. However, even after such legal backing, many broadcasters of Kazakhstan have ignored the spirit of the law by granting Kazakh a secondary importance 30. Indeed, the situation is problematic for the government, and even the Ministry of Communications and Information mentioned that only 10 percent of
28
Bayadyan H.,“ Soviet Armenian Identity and Cultural Representation”, In Representations on the Margins of Europe: Politics and Identities in the Baltic and South Caucasian States, Ed. by T. Darieva, W. Kaschuba, Frankfurt / New York: Campus Verlag, 2007, p. 208.
29
Dave B.,“ A Year of Growing Unrest and Opposition”, Ed. by Peter Rutland in Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1997- The Challenge of Integration, M. E. Sharpe, 1998, p. 369. 30 Fiermann W., op. cit., p. 408.
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