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INCORPORATING COLD CHAIN |
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The stage of maturity at harvesting differs across the broad spectrum of fruits.
enter controlled atmosphere cold stores – because they may only ultimately go to the market in six months’ time. These airtight environments at low temperature and regulated carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, effectively putting the fruit into a dormant state for several months, at which point it will‘ come alive’ again. In contrast, banana ripening necessitates specialised ripening rooms where temperature control is less critical than the precise application of the ethylene. Table grapes require rapid cooling to around 0.5 ° C, while avocados benefit from storage at approximately 5 ° C to maximise their shelf life.
" Each one is different," Ackermann stresses. " You ' ve got to know the fruit and treat the fruit according to its characteristics." This fundamental understanding of each fruit ' s physiology is paramount to implementing successful post-harvest systems.
THE ART AND SCIENCE OF POST-HARVEST FOR FRUIT PERFECTION
The critical role of infrastructure in maintaining fruit quality is paramount. Without sufficient facilities for cooling,
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controlled atmosphere storage and specialised ripening, fruits are highly susceptible to spoilage and degradation. As Ackermann illustrates, inadequate infrastructure leads to a decline in fruit quality, taste and nutritious value. He highlights the contrast between a dried, shriveled grape and a crisp, appealing one, or an undesirable soft banana versus the preferred firm texture, and the preference for a crisp apple over one with a mealy texture.
The sophisticated post-harvest systems in place ensure that consumers, even those thousands of kilometres away from the farm, can enjoy fresh, high-quality fruit.“ The condition of the fruit upon arrival is a direct reflection of the care and precision applied immediately after harvesting, highlighting the critical role of rapid cooling and tailored handling techniques in the intricate journey from farm to table. In some regions, this even involves harvesting grapes during the cooler night or early morning hours to minimise initial field heat.”
For crops like table grapes, this rapid and careful handling is paramount. The gentle touch of human hands remains the predominant harvesting method, particularly in regions like the Cape, where a significant workforce relies on seasonal labour. While mechanisation is being explored, the intricate process of selecting and snipping bunches often necessitates human precision. Workers navigate the vineyards with crates, their productivity sometimes monitored, ensuring a steady flow of
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harvested fruit. The goal is to minimise damage and maintain the integrity of each bunch, setting the stage for successful cooling and storage.
A significant focus within the industry is the continuous improvement of cooling techniques, striving for greater energy efficiency without compromising product quality. Ackermann notes the evolution of grape cooling, with processes that once took 22 hours now potentially achievable in 11 or 12 hours. This drive for efficiency is coupled with the ongoing development of new fruit varieties. Growers are constantly seeking apples and grapes with enhanced taste profiles, improved cooling characteristics and extended shelf life, often requiring tailored post-harvest protocols. Identifying the right expertise and resources within the post-harvest sector is crucial for anyone seeking deeper understanding. Ackermann points to a network of key players, including engineers who design rapid cooling tunnels, such as Jeff Wedgewood( JWCE) and contractors who have in-house design capacity: ARE, GEA Africa and MRE. He says companies like the former SCM( now part of the Beijer group) and Cubicool have also been instrumental in developing these critical cooling systems aimed at the post harvesting of fruit.
Beyond equipment providers, expert guidance on the specific temperature protocols and handling techniques for various fruits is essential. Ackermann recommends PPECB( Perishable Products
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Export Control Board) as a valuable resource for this information. Additionally, the Fruit and Food Research Technology Institute( Infruitec) in Stellenbosch has historically been at the forefront of research into optimising post-harvest practices. He also suggests looking towards " old growth " knowledge, as the fundamental principles of preservation remain relevant.
South Africa has a wealth of expertise and know-how in the cultivation, harvesting and storage of sub-tropical, citrus, deciduous, pomme and berry fruits. Each sector has vibrant associations with unrestricted collaboration among members in developing new fruit handling techniques, packaging, skills development, pest control and the challenges in the face of global climate change. Ackermann recommends Hortgro, Citrus Growers Association, SATI, Hortgro Pome and SAAGA to name but a few. In each of which there are iconic stalwarts, recognised internationally and who are passionate about fruit and take great pride in mentoring young entrants to the fruit industry.
ADVANCED MOBILE RACKING AND SHUTTLE AUTOMATION IN COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS
In agriculture’ s post‐harvest cold‐chain, precision temperature control is essential to preserve product quality and extend shelf life. Across the global logistics sector, innovative mobile racking and shuttle systems are transforming how fruit, vegetables, and frozen goods are moved
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