125
On February 24, 1848 Louis Philippe was overthrown
in France. On receipt of the news of the victory of the
French February revolution, Nichols I gave an order to
the War Minister for partial mobilisation in Russia to
prepare for the struggle against the revolution in Europe.
—170
126
These articles were published in the Neue Rheinische
Zeitung from March 22 to April 25, 1849.—171
128
Babouvism—a trend in utopian, egalitarian
communism, propounded by the 18th-century French
revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf and his followers.—174
129
Societe des saisons (Society of the Seasons))—a
republican, socialist conspiratorial organisation active in
Paris from 1837 to1839 under the leadership of Auguste
Blanqui and Armand Barbes.
The Paris uprising of May 12, 1839, in which
revolutionary workers played a major role, was prepared
by this society. This uprising was not supported by the
masses and was defeated by government troops and the
National Guard—174
130
The reference is to an episode in the struggle of German
democrats on the home front against reaction. On April
3, 1833 a group of radicals demonstrated against the
Federal Assembly in Frankfort on the Main in an attempt
to stage a coup detat and proclaim a German Republic.
This poorly organised coup was suppressed by troops—
174
131
In February 1834, the Italian bourgeois democrat
Gluseppe Mazzini organised a march from Switzerland to
Savoy by the member of the “Young Italy” society, which
he founded in 1831, and also a group of revolutionary
emigres. Their aim was to start a popular uprising in the
name of Italian unity and to proclaim an independent
bourgeois republic. On entering Savoy the detachment
was smashed by Piedmontese troops—174
132
Demagogues—this name was given in Germany from
1819 to those who took part in the opposition movement
of German intellectuals. They opposed the reactionary
political system in the German states and demanded the
unification of Germany. The demagogues were brutally
persecuted by the German authorities.—174
133
The reference is to the London Educational Society
of German Workers. In the 1850s it had premises in Great
Windmill Street. It was founded in February 1840 by Karl
Schapper, Joseph Moll and other leaders of the League
of the Just. In 1849 and 1850, Marx and Engels played an
active part in its activities. On September 17, 1850, Marx,
Engels and their adherents left the society, because a large
section of its members supported the sectarian and
adventurist group of Willich-Schapper. With the foundation
of the International in 1864, this society became the
German section of the International Working Men’s
Association in London. The London Educational Society
existed till 1918, when it was closed down by the British
Government.—175
134
The Northern Star—English Weekly, the central organ
of the Chartists, founded in 1837. Published in Leeds until
November 1844 and from November 1844 to 1852 in
London. F. O‘connor was its founder and editor. George
Harney was also on the staff of the paper. It printed articles
by Engels between 1843 and 1850.—179
135
Democratic Society was founded in Brussels in the
autumn of 1847. Its membership was made up of
proletarian revolutionaries, primarily from among the
German revolutionary emigres, and progressive sections
of the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois democrats. Marx
and Engels played an active role in its foundation. On
November 15, 1847, Marx was elected its Vice-President,
the President being the Belgian democrat L. Jottrand. As
a result of Marx’s work the Brussels Democratic Society
became an important centre of the international democratic
movement. After Marx was deported from Brussels early
in March 1848 and the Belgian authorities suppressed the
most revolutionary elements of the society, its activities
acquired a more restricted, purely local character and in
1849 it ceased to exist.—179
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