CH3-CH2-CH = CH2
CH3-CH = CH – CH3
Functional Isomerism: Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is called functional Isomerism. e g
CH3 – CH2 – OH CH3 – O – CH3
Metamerism: It is due to the presence of different alkyl groups on either side of functional group in the molecule. Ex. C4H10O represents C2H5OC2H5 and CH3OC3H7.
FISSION OF COVALENT BOND
Heterolytic cleavage: In this cleavage the bond breaks in such a way that the shared pair of electron remains with one of the fragments.
H3C – Br + CH3 + Br-
Homolytic Cleavage: In this cleavage the shared pair of electron goes with each of the bonded atom.
R – X R. + X. Alkyl free radical
Nucleophiles: A reagent that brings an electron pair is called nucleophile ie nucleus seeking e g-OH,-CN
Electrophiles: A reagent that takes away electron pair is called electrophile I e electron seeking e g > C = O, R3C – X
Inductive Effect: The displacement of the electron along the chain of the carbon atoms due to presence of an atom or group at the end of the chain. ɗ +++ ɗ ++ ɗ + CH3- C H2 CH2 Cl Resonance Effect: The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electron present on an adjacent atom.