CH3-CH2-CH = CH2
CH3-CH = CH – CH3
Functional Isomerism : Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different functional group are called functional isomers and this phenomenon is called functional Isomerism . e g
CH3 – CH2 – OH CH3 – O – CH3
Metamerism : It is due to the presence of different alkyl groups on either side of functional group in the molecule . Ex . C4H10O represents C2H5OC2H5 and CH3OC3H7 .
FISSION OF COVALENT BOND
Heterolytic cleavage : In this cleavage the bond breaks in such a way that the shared pair of electron remains with one of the fragments .
H3C – Br + CH3 + Br -
Homolytic Cleavage : In this cleavage the shared pair of electron goes with each of the bonded atom .
R – X R . + X . Alkyl free radical
Nucleophiles : A reagent that brings an electron pair is called nucleophile ie nucleus seeking e g -OH , -CN
Electrophiles : A reagent that takes away electron pair is called electrophile I e electron seeking e g > C = O , R3C – X
Inductive Effect : The displacement of the electron along the chain of the carbon atoms due to presence of an atom or group at the end of the chain . ɗ +++ ɗ ++ ɗ + CH3- C H2 CH2 Cl Resonance Effect : The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electron present on an adjacent atom .