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organisations that provide support to victims and to ensure that institutions are aware of new referral pathways being established in order to encourage reporting. 3. EVIDENCE ON HARASSMENT/HATE CRIME ON THE BASIS OF RELIGION AND BELIEF Published research Concerns have been raised with UUK around incidents of harassment and hate crime on the basis of religion and belief, particularly in relation to antisemitism and anti-Muslim harassment and hate crime. This section sets out the available evidence on these issues as they affect university students. In 2011, the ECU undertook research to explore whether issues relating to religion and belief were having an impact on the higher education sector at the time. The ECU collected evidence from 3,077 members of staff and 3,935 students. Although this research was not statistically representative, it is important in that it was one of the first attempts to understand whether student and staff experiences on campus differed because of their religion or belief. The research culminated in a report, Religion and Belief in higher education: the experiences of staff and students (2011). Experiences were explored through four themes, one of which was discrimination and harassment on campus, the findings of which are set out below:  An overwhelming majority of both staff (80.2%) and students (92.4%) either agreed or strongly agreed that their institution created an environment where they felt valued and welcomed.  There was no clear pattern in the religion or belief identities of those who did not indicate that they felt valued.  Around a quarter of Jewish students (20 students in total) said that they felt discriminated against or harassed.  Around 16% of Sikh respondents (6 students in total) said that they had felt discriminated against or harassed.  14% of Muslim survey respondents (50 students in total) said they felt discriminated against or harassed.111 As research into other areas of harassment, hate crime and violence against women suggests, incident reporting here is also low. The ECU survey found that less than 1.7% of student respondents had made a complaint since 2003. The report cited two differing views on why this might be the case: first, that higher education institutions are tolerant and respectful environments and therefore there were low levels of discrimination and harassment, and secondly, that individuals were reluctant to report incidents. Ensuring that an individual feels safe to report an incident is crucial. The study suggests that the vast majority of respondents have not experienced discrimination or harassment on the grounds of religion or belief and that universities have tried to create a tolerant and inclusive atmosphere. However, where it has occurred, the 111 ECU, Religion and belief in higher education: the experiences of staff and students, (2011), p.78. 84