these industries will be instructive in guiding project finance structuring in the CCS sector as support regimes are rolled out across various jurisdictions .
• Project-on-project risk – Where a CSS project requires the use of a facility or infrastructure that does not yet exist , any project financing will have to address the inherent project-onproject risk . For example , a CCS retrofit project on a gas-fired power plant may require the use of a CCS hub that is under development at the same time for the transport and / or storage of the captured emissions . If the CCS retrofit project is complete before the CCS hub is ready to receive the emissions , the CCS retrofit project will not be able to operate and generate revenues in the absence of an operational CCS hub .
Addressing this risk may be difficult as the sponsors of the CCS retrofit project will be reluctant to assume the risk of delays to the CCS hub and the sponsors of the CCS hub will equally be reluctant to assume additional liabilities to future users – in this case the CCS retrofit project – resulting from delays to the CCS hub . In order to avoid a chicken and egg-type situation , governments may need to step in and guarantee or assume a degree of such project-on-project risk to mitigate some of the key perceived risks in order to accelerate the development of CCS projects , networks and hubs .
In conclusion , existing CCS technologies appear very promising in emissions reduction and abatement , and can therefore play an important role in the energy transition and combating climate change . Project finance has a critical role to play in accelerating the deployment of those CCS technologies , particularly upon effectively addressing the key challenges of minimising technology risk and allocating the residual technology risk appropriately between the project participants . Government support and the underlying regulatory landscape , in contributing to addressing the key associated risks and challenges , will have a significant impact on the incentivisation of future project financings in relation to CCS technologies and how they are structured . •
Footnotes
1 - New research shows how carbon capture technology can trap almost all emissions , Imperial College London ( August 4 2021 ): xhttps :// www . imperial . ac . uk / news / 227653 / new-research-shows-carbon-capturetechnology / 2 - New research shows how carbon capture technology can trap almost all emissions , Imperial College London ( August 4 2021 ): https :// www . imperial . ac . uk / news / 227653 / new-research-shows-carbon-capturetechnology / 3 - Climate Change : Carbon Capture and Storage , University of Edinburgh : https :// www . edx . org / course / climate-change-carbon-capture-and-storage 4 - Adams II , T . A . et . al , Comparison of CO 2 Capture Approaches for Fossil-Based Power Generation : Review and Meta-Study , MDPI Journal ( August 14 2017 )
5 - The role of CCUS in low-carbon power systems : How carbon capture technologies support the power transition , International Energy Agency ( July 2020 ): https :// www . iea . org / reports / the-role-of-ccus-in-low-carbon-power-systems /
6 - Nease , J .; Adams II , T . A ., Comparative life cycle analyses of bulk-scale coal-fueled solid oxide fuel cell power plants . Appl . Energy ( 2015 ), 150 , 161-175 ( as cited in the MDPI journal article at footnote 4 ) 7 - Muller , L . J . et . al ., A Guideline for Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Capture and Utilization , Frontiers in Energy Research ( February 14 2020 ): https :// doi . org / 10.3389 / fenrg . 2020.00015 8 - What are the main types of carbon capture and storage technology ?, The Guardian ( March 18 2011 ): https :// www . theguardian . com / environment / 2011 / mar / 18 / carbon-capture-storage-technologies 9 - What are the main types of carbon capture and storage technology ?, The Guardian ( March 18 2011 ): https :// www . theguardian . com / environment / 2011 / mar / 18 / carbon-capture-storage-technologies 10 - Climate Change : Carbon Capture and Storage , University of Edinburgh : https :// www . edx . org / course / climate-change-carbon-capture-and-storage ) 11 - A Trans-European CO 2 Transportation Infrastructure for CCUS : Opportunities and Challenges , Zero Emissions Platform ( June 2020 ) 12 - 2021 Global Status of CCS Report , Global CCS Institute ( 2021 ) 13 - Net Zero by 2050 : A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector , International Energy Agency ( May 2021 ) 14 - Peletiri , S . P . et al ., CO 2 Pipeline Design : A Review , MDPI Journal ( August 21 2018 ) 15 - Pipeline Corrosion Issues Related to Carbon Capture , Transportation , and Storage ( August 2015 ): https :// www . materialsperformance . com / articles / material-selection-design / 2015 / 08 /
how-carbon-capture-technologies-support-the-powertransition
pipeline-corrosion-issues-related-to-carbon-capturetransportation-and-storage 16 - Monster problem : Gorgon project is a test case for carbon capture , Financial Times ( July 26 2021 ):
2b880a9b854a 17 - A Trans-European CO 2 Transportation Infrastructure for CCUS : Opportunities and Challenges , Zero Emissions Platform ( June 2020 ) 18 - Pipeline Corrosion Issues Related to Carbon Capture , Transportation , and Storage ( August 2015 ): https :// www . materialsperformance . com / articles / material-selection-design / 2015 / 08 /
https :// www . ft . com / content / 428e60ee-56cc-4e75-88d5-
pipeline-corrosion-issues-related-to-carbon-capturetransportation-and-storage 19 - 2021 Global Status of CCS Report , Global CCS Institute ( 2021 )
Government support and the underlying regulatory landscape will have a significant impact on the incentivisation of future project financings
76 Project Finance International April 6 2022