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The Formal Organizations are large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently (Corporations, Government agencies). There are three types of formal organizations: Utilitarian (It pays people for their efforts.), Normative (Voluntary associations.) and Coercive (Involuntary membership.)
There are two roles of group leaderships, Instrumental leadership: Task oriented: Refers to group direction that emphasizes the completion of tasks, and Expressive leadership: People oriented: focuses on collective well-being. (socio-emotional).
There are three leadership styles: Authoritarian leadership (give orders), Democratic (work toward a consensus), and Laissez-faire (highly permissive). There are three researchers that did experiments to prove some theories about the groups. Asch’s Research demonstrated how difficult it is for individuals to resist peer pressure and have a need to belong, Milgram’s Research showed how difficult it is for individuals to challenge people in positions of authority, and Janis’ Research showed the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue.
By: Diego Mtz
Ideology, conflict, and leadership in groups and organizations. Kernberg, Otto F. New Haven, CT, US: Yale University Press. (1998). xii 321 pp.