WHY THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IS SO IMPORTANT TO FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS IN AFRICA
MEDIA OUTLETS THAT ARE OWNED BY POLITICIANS HAVE BEEN
KNOWN TO TAKE SIDES EITHER COVERTLY OR OVERTLY
GEORGE OGOLA Senior Lecturer in Journalism,
University of Central Lancashire unconnected to the Internet. This means that that these new platforms are inaccessible to the masses.
Traditional media- particularly radio- therefore remain an important platform for public engagement. At election time, these kinds of legacy media formats are critical in enabling the public to make informed choices.
Elections in Africa are fiercely fought because the state is seen as a resource. Winning elections makes accessing the state possible, usually to the exclusion of those who lose.
Because the stakes are so high, when people lose faith in the credibility of an election some resort to violence. This was the case in Kenya following the disputed 2007-2008 elections.
This led to post-election violence. Over 1000 people lost their lives, 600,000 were displaced and property worth millions of Kenyan shillings was destroyed.
The peace narrative
This August, Kenya goes to the polls again in what’ s expected to be another bruising political context. For the country’ s news media, the coverage of these elections will be extremely challenging.
The last elections held in 2013 were largely peaceful even if the outcome of the presidential tally was disputed. The peaceful elections, which were fought with as much passion as the disputed 2007 poll, didn’ t happen that way by accident.
The Kenyan media adopted a new approach in 2013 after having been accused of contributing to the violence that engulfed the country in the aftermath of the 2007 elections.
“ Peace” journalism was uniformly adopted by all mainstream media. Controversial stories were not covered. Meanwhile, reference to politicians’ ethnic identities was avoided in media coverage.
Ethnicity remains an important characteristic of political competition in Kenya hence the sensitivity to ethnic markers of identity. But“ peace” journalism remains controversial and the Kenyan media was widely criticised for adopting it.
Many argue that focusing on peace at the expense of the credibility of the elections, ignoring for example numerous electoral anomalies, was a case of self-censorship.
Indeed, renowned writers such as Michaela Wrong likened the Kenyan media to“ a zombie army”. She argued that it had“ taken up position where Kenya’ s feisty media used to be, with local reporters going glaze-eyed through the motions”.
Local journalists didn’ t agree. They argued that erring on the side of caution was a sacrifice worth making in light of the 2007-2008 post-election violence, when the news media was accused of irresponsible coverage which contributed to it.
Changing media landscape
As the news media decides which approach to adopt in the coverage of the next general election, it must recognise that its role has changed considerably in Africa and around the world. While mainstream media remains an important space for public debate, it can no longer be regarded as an impartial arbiter due to three key changes.
First, the African media has become an active participant in the political process because quite a few outlets are now owned by politicians. In Kenya for example, the current president owns Media Max, a company with diverse media interests including TV, radio and newspapers.
Media outlets that are owned by politicians have been known to take sides either covertly or overtly. While this tradition is part of the political culture in the United States and Europe, such partisanship is still only grudgingly accepted in Africa.
Second, elections have become an important source of revenue for the media with wealthy candidates and political parties spending large amounts of money in political advertising. As such, coverage is skewed in favour of those who can afford the high cost of advertising.
In Kenya for example, a staggering 8 billion shillings($ 77 million) was spent on radio campaigns alone during the 2013 election cycle.
Finally, the number of news content providers has grown exponentially. Mainstream media now has to fight for audiences like never before. This has forced it to ignore some of the most fundamental features of journalism like the verification of stories and strong gate-keeping processes.
As political campaigns evolve in Africa, so must media coverage of elections. However, it remains incumbent upon the press to act responsibly and in the interest of democracy.
2017 | Business Times Africa 65