Burdge/Overby, Chemistry: Atoms First, 2e FM | Page 26

3

Quantum Theory and the Electronic
Structure of Atoms? 58

3.1

Energy and Energy Changes? 59
• Forms of Energy? 59 • Units of Energy? 60
3.2 The Nature of Light? 62
• Properties of Waves? 62 • The Electromagnetic Spectrum? 63
• The Double-Slit Experiment? 63
3.3 Quantum Theory? 65
• Quantization of Energy? 66 • Photons and the Photoelectric Effect? 66
• Thinking Outside the Box: Everyday Occurrences of the Photoelectric
Effect?67
3.4 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom? 70
• Atomic Line Spectra? 70 • The Line Spectrum of Hydrogen? 72
3.5 Wave Properties of Matter? 77
• The de Broglie Hypothesis? 77 • Diffraction of Electrons? 79
3.6 Quantum Mechanics? 79
• The Uncertainty Principle? 80 • The Schrödinger Equation? 81 • The Quantum
Mechanical Description of the Hydrogen Atom? 81
3.7 Quantum Numbers? 82
• Principal Quantum Number (n)? 82 • Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (?)? 82 • Magnetic Quantum Number (m?)? 83 • Electron Spin
Quantum Number (ms)?84
3.8 Atomic Orbitals? 85
• s Orbitals? 86 • p Orbitals? 87 • d Orbitals and Other Higher-Energy
Orbitals? 87 • Energies of Orbitals? 88
3.9 Electron Configurations? 89
• Energies of Atomic Orbitals in Many-Electron Systems? 89
• The Pauli Exclusion Principle? 90 • The Aufbau Principle? 91 • Hund’s Rule? 91
• General Rules for Writing Electron Configurations? 92
3.10 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table? 93

4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

4.5
4.6

Periodic Trends of the Elements? 110
Development of the Periodic Table? 111
The Modern Periodic Table? 114
• Classification of Elements? 114
Effective Nuclear Charge? 117
Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements? 118
• Atomic Radius? 118 • Ionization Energy? 120 • Electron Affinity? 122
• Metallic Character? 125
Electron Configuration of Ions? 127
• Ions of Main Group Elements? 127 • Ions of d-Block Elements? 129
Ionic Radius? 130
• Thinking Outside the Box: Mistaking Strontium for Calcium? 130 • Comparing
Ionic Radius with Atomic Radius? 131 • Isoelectronic Series? 131

xxvi

bur11184_FM_i-001.indd 26

9/10/13 12:29 PM