The parties had amended clause 2.25.1.3(b) to include the following:
“3. and provided that
(a) the Contractor has made reasonable and proper efforts to mitigate such delay; and
(b) any delay caused by a Relevant Event which is concurrent with another delay for which the Contractor is responsible shall not be taken into account
then, save where these Conditions expressly provide otherwise, the Employer shall give an extension of time by fixing such later date as the Completion Date for the Works or Section as he then estimates to be fair and reasonable.”
By way of a refresher, the CA provided the following definition of concurrency as given in the case of Adyard Abu Dhabi v SD Marine Services [2011] EWHC 848 (Comm), where Hamblen J (as he then was) said:
"A useful working definition of concurrent delay in this context is 'a period of project overrun which is caused by two or more effective causes of delay which are of approximately equal causative potency' – see the article Concurrent Delay by John Marrin QC (2002) 18(6) Const. L.J. 436."
Indeed, the CA also noted that concurrent delay was not a concept that was ever considered by the courts until the late 1990’s. Here the works were delayed, and a dispute arose between the parties as to the proper extension of time due to the appellant, NMBL. A major element of that dispute centred on the extent to which Cyden could take clause 2.25.1.3(b) into account. At first instance Mr Justice Fraser had decided that they could. On appeal LJ Coulson considered the concept of prevention. He referred to the three principles set out in the Multiplex v Honeywell case, namely that:
“(i) Actions by the employer which are perfectly legitimate under a construction contract may still be characterised as prevention, if those actions cause the delay beyond the contractual completion date.
(ii) Acts of prevention by an employer do not set time at large, if the contract provides for an extension of time in respect of those events.
(iii) Insofar as the extension of time clause is ambiguous, it should be construed in favour of the contractor.”
Note that what this case does not do, and LJ Coulson made it quite clear that this was not an issue he was considering, is to give a general statement on a contractor’s entitlement to an extension of time in circumstances of concurrent delay. The court was solely considering the bespoke concurrency clause agreed by the parties.
LJ Coulson, agreeing with Mr Justice Fraser, said that:
“In my view, clause 2.25.1.3(b) is unambiguous. It plainly seeks to allocate the risk of concurrent delay to the appellant.The consequence of the clear provision was that the parties have agreed that, where a delay is due to the contractor, even if there is an equally effective cause of that delay which is the responsibility of the employer, liability for the concurrent delay rests with the contractor, so that it will not be taken into account in the calculation of any extension of time.”
In light of the Judge’s conclusion, the only remaining issue was whether there was any reason in law why effect should not be given to that clear provision. NMBL suggested, “boldly” in the words of LJ Coulson, that the prevention principle was a matter of legal policy which would operate to rescue NMBL from the clause to which it had freely agreed. This suggestion was rejected for the following reasons:
(i) The prevention principle is not an overriding rule of public or legal policy, like for example the rule which strikes down liquidated damages as a penalty.
(ii) The prevention principle is not engaged because pursuant to clause 2.25.5, “any impediment, prevention or default, whether by act or omission, by the Employer” gave rise to a prima facie entitlement to an extension of time.
(iii) The prevention principle has no obvious connection with the separate issues that may arise from concurrent delay.
(iv) Clause 2.25.1.3(b) was designed to do no more than reverse the result in the Walter Lilly case that where delay is caused by two or more effective causes, one of which entitles the contractor to an extension of time as being a relevant event, the contractor is entitled to a full extension of time.
(v) Clause 2.25.1.3(b) was an agreed term. This was the most important of all.
LJ Coulson noted that in the Walter Lilly case, it would have been open to the parties to draft “a proviso to the effect that an extension of time should be reduced if the causation criterion is established”, thereby allowing for a different allocation of risk. That was what the parties here chose to do.The Judge said that:
“A building contract is a detailed allocation of risk and reward. If the parties do not stipulate that a particular act of prevention triggers an entitlement to an extension of time, then there will be no implied term to assist the employer and the application of the prevention principle would mean that, on the happening of that event, time was set at large. But it is a completely different thing if the parties negotiate and agree an express provision which states that, on the happening of a particular type of prevention (on this hypothesis, one that causes a concurrent delay), the risk and responsibility rests with the contractor.”
The clause here was “clear and unambiguous”. It stipulated that where there is a concurrent delay (properly so called), the contractor will not be entitled to an extension of time for a period of delay which was as much his responsibility as that of the employer. That was an allocation of risk which the parties were entitled to agree.
Finally, it was suggested that even if clause 2.25.1.3(b) was enforceable (so that NMBL was not entitled to an extension of time for concurrent delay), there was an implied term which would prevent Cyden from levying liquidated damages. It would be “bizarre” if Cyden could recover liquidated damages for a period of delay for which it was responsible. It could not be said that the liquidated damages flowed from a delay for which the claimant was responsible. This suggestion was rejected for a number of reasons. These included that if clause 2.25.1.3(b) was a valid and effective clause then it would expressly permit the employer to levy liquidated damages for periods of concurrent delay, because it would not grant NMBL relief against such liability by extending the completion date. Finally, the Judge noted that:
“I do not consider that this result is in any way uncommercial or unreal. A period of concurrent delay, properly so-called, arises because a delay has occurred for two separate reasons, one being the responsibility of the contractor and one the responsibility of the employer. Each can argue that it would be wrong for the other to benefit from a period of delay for which the other is equally responsible. In Walter Lillyand the cases cited there, under standard JCT extension of time clauses, it has been found that the contractor can benefit, despite his default. By clause 2.25.1.3(b), the parties sought to reverse that outcome and provided that, under this contract, the employer should benefit, despite the act of prevention. Either result may be regarded as harsh on the other party; neither could be said to be uncommercial or unworkable.”
The court held that by determining McDowall’s entitlement to payment of the six invoices by reference to s 21 of the Act and the applicants’ failure to provide payment schedules in relation
parties under the contract. Furthermore, as the adjudicator reached conclusions on the issue of the application of ss 20 and 21 of the Act without the parties having made submissions to him on the subject, that amounted to a serious breach of natural justice.
His Honour went on to consider the standard of the reasons given by the adjudicator for his findings. He observed that while reasons may be expressed briefly or in an abbreviated manner, they must nevertheless be expressed in sufficient detail as to enable the parties affected by the determination to understand the basis for the decisions and determinations. His Honour concluded that in this case, the reasons given by the adjudicator were inadequate. He said that in some instances, the reasons were so briefly or unclearly expressed or cryptic as to fall well short of satisfying the requirement that they enable the parties to understand the reasons for and the basis of the determination.
The Judge also found that the adjudicator took irrelevant considerations into account in his determination and failed to take relevant considerations into account and that in doing so, the adjudicator made a significant error of law.
His Honour observed that while the courts will not generally interfere with adjudication determinations, given that the objective of the Act is to provide a fast-track means of enabling contractors to secure payments due under construction contracts, nevertheless judicial review remains available for those cases where an adjudication has been undertaken in a manner where there has been a significant breach of natural justice or significant error of law. In quashing the adjudicator’s determination, his Honour said:
Here the determination was made outside the jurisdiction conferred on the adjudicator which is itself a significant error of law. That error is compounded in this case by the serious breach of natural justice which deprived the applicants the opportunity of being heard on a central issue for determination by the adjudicator. There is also the failure of the adjudicator to give adequate reasons for his determination, and the taking into account of irrelevant considerations.
The grounds of judicial review that I have found established are so significant in terms of their combined effect on the integrity of the process and their improper influence on the outcome that this a clear instance where it is appropriate for the Court to exercise its discretion to grant relief to the applicants and quash the adjudication determination.
The case serves as a salutary lesson that there is just no place for inexperienced and unqualified ANAs and adjudicators when it comes to making appointments and undertaking adjudications under the Act. The risks and costs for the parties when things go wrong, as they clearly did here from the appointment to the determination, cannot be understated.
Fortunately, such cases are rare, and generally the standard of determinations made by adjudicators in New Zealand is very high and comparable to anything that might be provided by way of an award in arbitration.
The Building Disputes Tribunal is committed to delivering consistent, professional adjudication services of the highest possible standard. Unless a party takes objection, each determination by a BDT adjudicator is subject to ‘scrutiny’ by BDT before being given to the parties. Scrutiny is a key element of BDT’s adjudication service ensuring that adjudicators’ determinations are of the highest possible standard and thus less susceptible to correction or challenge in the courts.
This process provides BDT with an effective quality assurance regime, reduces the likelihood of errors requiring correction by adjudicators within the statutory period of two working days after the determination is given to the parties, and provides parties with an additional layer of protection that would not otherwise be available since an adjudicator’s determination regarding payment of money under a construction contract is prima facie binding and enforceable. Scrutiny of a determination is directed to identifying any errors in computation, any clerical or typographical errors, any errors as to form or substance, or any errors of a similar nature. The adjudicator’s independence and autonomy in rendering the determination is not affected by the process and this unique quality assurance mechanism makes BDT’s adjudication service the country’s most reliable adjudication system.
BuildLaw | Mar 2017 10
Case in brief
North Midland Building Ltd v Cyden Homes Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1744
By Jeremy Glover
United kingdom
North Midland Building Ltd v Cyden Homes Ltd [2018]
Here, the claimant, the contractor and the defendant, the employer, had agreed certain bespoke amendments to the JCT Design and Build Contract 2005, one of which concerned the way in which extensions of time would be dealt with in certain circumstances.
BuildLaw | July 2019
documents are regularly appended to construction contracts. Therefore, it pays for contracting parties in New Zealand to take heed of the issues raised in the UK cases to avoid facing the same pitfalls when applying their own contracts.
Lessons to be learnt
The above two cases do not lay down new law or revolutionise contract interpretation. However, they serve as an important reminder that even terms buried deep in technical documentation are part of the contract and so it is essential to know and understand them. Priority clauses will not save the day when the contractual terms in question are not inconsistent. To avoid potentially substantial financial consequences, parties should undertake comprehensive due diligence on a contract to identify inconsistencies, uncertainties or potential misunderstandings, between clauses especially where technical documentation prepared by the contractor or subcontractor is appended.
References:
1 Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36, per Lord Neuberger at [15].
2 Clancy Docwra Limited v E.ON Energy Solutions Limited [2018] EWHC 3124 (TCC).
3 MT Højgaard AS v E.ON Climate and Renewables UK Robin Rigg East Ltd and another [2018] 2 All ER 22.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Sarah Sinclair
Chair and Partner - Construction and Infrastructure
Solicitor -
Construction & Infrastructure
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