Bitter Pills:Medicines & The Third World Poor | Page 225

Chapter 4
16

Dr. Zafrullah Chowdhury, "Essential Drugs for the Poor: Myth and Reality in Bangladesh",
paper presented at the Primary Health Care Symposium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
13-16 April 1982, p.11, Table 3. (mimeo)

17

UNCTAD, Technology Policies in the Pharmaceutical Sector in the Philippines, op.cit.

18

"..price competition remains the most important tool of success for generics producers." (Ciba
Geigy Pharma, Generics Policy Divisional Policy Affairs Pharma Policy V1/81, Basle, 1981.)

19

D.W. McMullan, Director of Operations, Beecham Research International, personal
communication, 22 March 1982.

20

Ciba Geigy Pharma, "Generics are a fact", April 1981.

21

The situation is one of 'oligopoly ': "The principal rule is that price competition except on
very limited occasions, is an antisocial practice to be strictly avoided." R.J. Barnett and R.E.
Muller, Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporations, Simon and Schuster,
New York, 1974. p.32.

22

Financial Times Survey on Pharmaceuticals, 2 June 1982.

23

Dr. Klaus von Grebmer, Pharma Policy staff, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Pharmaceutical Prices:
A Continental View, Office of Health Economics, London, 1978, p. 13.

24

Senator Edward Kennedy, keynote address Proceedings Institute of Medicine Conference on
Pharmaceuticals for Developing Countries, National Academy of Science, Washington, January
1979.

25

Estimates for 1978. Personal communication from David Taylor, Deputy Director, Office
of Health Economics: 23,000 licences of right granted when Committee on Safety of Medicines
came into existence, to cover sales of existing products. Since 1972,13,000 licences withdrawn.
Following licences granted by CSM: 3,250 priority category 3,500 prescription only 2,500
generics 8,000 over-the -counter drugs 750 herbal 500 homeopathic.

26

-

27

Brudon, op.cit., p.212.

28

UNCTC, Transnational Corporations and the Pharmaceutical Industry (S7/CTC/9)
Nations, New York 1979.

29

von Grebmer, op.cit., p.8.

Government of Guyana in cooperation with UNCTAD,UNDTCD,UNIDO,WHO,
Pharmaceuticals in the Developing World, Policies on Drugs, Trade and Production,
Volume 1, General Report; referring to UNDP project INT/009/A/01/99 "Economic
and Technical Co-operation among developing countries in the pharmaceutical sector",
June 1979.
UNCTAD, Case Studies in the transfer of technology, The Pharmaceutical Industry in
India, study prepared by the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the 1CSIR, (TD/B/C.6/20
United Nations, 1977, p.34.
UNCTAD, Technology Policies in the pharmaceutical sector in Nepal, study prepared
by the UNCTAD secretariat in cooperation with Dr. P.N. Suwal (UNCTAD/TT/34),
United Nations, 1980, p. 16.
United

30

Ibid., p.7.

31

See also: Dr. SanjayaLall, Institute of Economics and Statistics, Oxford University, "Emerging
Trends and future prospects in the less developed countries", in George Teeling-Smith and
Nicholas Wells (ed). Medicines for the year 2000, OHE, London, 1979, p. 104.

32

von Grebmer, op.cit., p.7.

33

WHO, A31/Technical Discussions/I, op.cit.

34

Office of Health, Economics Briefing Paper, Trends in European Health Spending, No. 14,
May 1981, p.5.

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