Australian Doctor 3rd Dec 2021 | Seite 37

HOW TO TREAT 37

ausdoc . com . au 3 DECEMBER 2021

HOW TO TREAT 37

Figure 7 . Recycle responsibly .
Figure 8 . Recycle responsibly .
and diabetes . Those including higher amounts of less healthy plant foods such as refined grains , potatoes / fries , processed foods , and foods high in added sugar are linked to increased
337 , 338 cardiometabolic risk .
How GPs can help mitigate climate change
Suggestions appear in box 2 . Also see Sainsbury et al 2019 . 339
Take the ‘ 1 tonne challenge ’. 340 If just half of Australian households reduced their annual emissions by 1 tonne , this would be equivalent to 50 million tonnes .
CASE STUDY
BOB , 61 , retired and with a previous CABG in 2016 lives in rural NSW . During December 2019-January 2020 , his property was surrounded by bushfires and he was helping fight fires . He wore an N95 mask when the air pollution was bad . He felt short of breath during those months , which he felt was due to the significant air pollution and bushfire smoke . He
had no chest pain .
He presents for routine cardiology review ( later than normal because of COVID-19 ), and mentions shortness of breath on exertion , though not as
bad as during the fires . All his risk factors are controlled : he has never smoked , his LDL is 1.7mmol / L ( 2.0- 3.4 mmol / L ), his BP is low ( 110 / 70 ) and his random glucose is 4.5mmol / L ( 3.0-7.7 mmol / L ).
His stress echo is abnormal on ECG criteria , which is a new development compared with previous tests . Coronary angiogram shows 50 % distal left main stenosis , an occluded left anterior
descending ( LAD ) artery , severe disease in the circumflex and obtuse marginal ( OM ), and a new 70 % stenosis in the proximal right coronary artery ( RCA ).
The left internal mammary artery graft to his LAD and the right internal mammary artery to his OM are patent with good anastomosis . The radial artery graft to his posterior descending artery is occluded . Bob undergoes stenting to his proximal RCA with a good result .
Bob was three years post CABG , had arterial grafts ( which last longer than vein grafts ), had good control of
all his risk factors and attended regular follow-up post-CABG . The heat and air pollution during the bushfires are likely contributors to the progression of his CAD .
CONCLUSION
THE evidence for climate change and increasing cardiac morbidity and mortality is compelling . CVD is only one of many health impacts of climate change . CVD is a leading cause of mortality in Australia .
While the increased CVD risks associated with climate change may seem small ( although significant ) compared with traditional risk factors
, they are indiscriminate and have a large public health impact . This environmental risk factor is one medical professionals can and need to change , for the health of our patients and for a sustainable future .

How to Treat Quiz .

1 . Which THREE features are predicted because of climatic variability ? a More frequent heatwaves . b Increased biodiversity . c Water shortages . d More bushfires .
2 . Which THREE populations are at greater risk of illness related to climate change ? a The elderly . b The socioeconomically disadvantaged . c Those with pre-existing medical conditions . d Adolescents .
3 . Which TWO statements regarding temperature and CVD are correct ? a Extremely low temperatures cause more acute effects while extremely high ones cause delayed / lag effects . b CV mortality risk is increased more by exposure to cold than by heat exposure . c The relationship between temperature and all-cause / CV mortality is exponential . d Populations in warmer regions tend to be most vulnerable to cold and those in cold climates are most sensitive to heat .
4 . Which THREE conditions have increased hospital admissions because of temperature variability ? a Heart failure . b IHD . c Arrhythmia . d Haemorrhagic stroke .
5 . Which TWO pathophysiological mechanisms have been postulated as effects of heat exposure ? a Reduced myocardial oxygen supply . b Elevated heart rate and blood pressure . c Increased systemic vascular resistance . d Raised inflammatory markers and coagulation parameters .
6 . Which ONE air pollutant is the single most preventable cause of acute triggers for AMI ? a Bushfire smoke . b Traffic exhaust . c Coal combustion . d Biomass combustion .
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
GO ONLINE TO COMPLETE THE QUIZ ausdoc . com . au / howtotreat
7 . Which THREE statements regarding temperature and air pollution are correct ? a Heat stress activates the body ’ s thermoregulatory system which may decrease the absorption of toxins and air pollutants into the body . b High temperatures modify air pollution effects on mortality and CV outcomes . c High air pollution may enhance temperature effects . d The joint effect of temperature and air pollution is thought to be greater than their individual impacts .
8 . Which TWO statements regarding bushfires are correct ? a Bushfires and hazard reduction smoke contains
PM 2 . 5
, which penetrates the respiratory and circulatory system . b There is no current evidence to link wildfire smoke and premature mortality .
EARN CPD OR PDP POINTS
• Read this article and take the quiz via ausdoc . com . au / howtotreat
• Each article has been allocated 2 RACGP CPD points and 1 ACRRM point .
• RACGP points are uploaded every six weeks and ACRRM points quarterly . c The leading cause of fire duty-related deaths is a sudden CVE . d More than 70 % of cardiac fatalities occur during or shortly after firefighting activity .
9 . Which THREE may assist with the acute management of intense heat exposure ? a Increased caffeinated beverage intake . b Increased monitoring / dose adjustment / temporary suspension of patients on CV drugs . c Frequent cool showers / baths . d Reduced working hours if working in hot environments .
10 . Which TWO statements regarding a plant-based diet are correct ? a They are healthier and associated with less environmental impact . b They could reduce mortality from stroke , type 2 diabetes , CHD and cancer . c A vegan diet is associated with a lower incidence of cancer and mortality from IHD . d All plant-based diets are beneficial in terms of chronic disease risk .
RESOURCES
• Doctors for the Environment Australia dea . org . au
• Climate and Health Alliance caha . org . au
• Greenpeace greenpeace . org . au
• Getup getup . org . au
• Marketforces marketforces . org . au
• War on waste ab . co / 3rWzKc3
• IVIEW Fight For Planet A : Our Climate Challenge ab . co / 38jT5fD
References on request from howtotreat @ adg . com . au
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