A, B6, B12, K and essential fatty acids.( 7,27) Often dietary adjustments are not possible or sufficient to address these deficiencies, and supplementation may be considered. Evidence also suggests that supplementing with coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine, in combination with the vitamins and minerals shown to be deficient, can be helpful in supporting and improving mitochondrial function in ASD.( 18) Curcumin, luteolin, resveratrol, and quercetin may provide neuroprotective effects in both conditions, while targeted probiotics may support the presenting gut concerns.( 28,29)
Herbal medicines for ADHD Herbal medicines for ASD
There is a paucity of evidence regarding the effectiveness of herbal medicine in ADHD. However, this evidence is growing. The following herbal medicines could be considered, depending on presenting symptoms.( 29,30)
• Bacopa monnieri improves memory and learning along with restlessness, impulsivity, and overall symptom picture.
• Panax ginseng provides antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Alongside its capacity to produce increases in dopamine and norepinephrine, it can help to improve attention and hyperactivity.
• Ginkgo biloba improves core ADHD symptoms and overall quality of life. Additionally, it was found that combining it with Panax ginseng considerably improved ADHD symptoms.
• Passiflora incarnata was shown in one study to have no significant difference to the clinical effect of methylphenidate, a common ADHD medication.
Other herbs that may have potential benefits or have been studied for use in ADHD include Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Withania somnifera, Centella asiatica and Melissa officinalis.( 29,30)
Similarly, robust supporting evidence for the effectiveness of herbal medicine in adults with ASD is scarce and largely based on children, with preclinical studies failing to effectively study all ASD behavioural changes. However, herbal medicines with properties that support the individual such as those with anxiolytic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cognition-enhancing, serotonin modulating, and carminative actions may be considered.( 31)
Using nature as a therapy
Several studies show that being exposed to nature- through walks, gardening, listening to the sound of a stream, or living somewhere with exposure to greenery- improves physical and psychological wellbeing, with research also highlighting benefits in those with ASD and ADHD.( 32,33) With this in mind, neurodivergent individuals should be encouraged to spend time in nature as often as possible.
Summary
The rising awareness of ADHD and ASD in females underscores the need for more nuanced diagnostic criteria that account for gender differences in symptom presentation. Females often camouflage their symptoms, leading to significant underdiagnosis. Understanding the genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors that contribute to these conditions can enhance management strategies. Recognising and addressing these disparities will improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes for females with ADHD and ASD.
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214 | vol31 | no4 | AJNM