family member who had previously been diagnosed with ADHD( P < 0.001).
A Taiwanese study investigated the link between traumatic brain injury in early childhood and the subsequent development of ADHD. 28 The analysis utilised data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, which contains health care records of over 99 % of the Taiwanese population. Children who experienced traumatic brain injury during early childhood were selected from 1998 to 2008, and their ADHD status was assessed and compared to a group without traumatic brain injury. The group of children with traumatic brain injury showed a significantly higher rate of ADHD than the control group( P < 0.001). Additionally, ADHD diagnoses in the traumatic brain injury group were made at an earlier age than in the control group. Cox regression analysis showed that the highest hazard
ratios for ADHD were linked to multiple traumatic brain injury incidents, severe traumatic brain injury, and occurrences of traumatic brain injury before the age of 1 year. 28
Asthma and ADHD
Children diagnosed with asthma face an increased risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, 29 and emerging evidence indicates they may also be susceptible to ADHD. 9, 29 A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between asthma and ADHD. This review encompassed 25 studies focusing on the asthma-ADHD connection, of which 17 revealed significant positive correlations, while one indicated a negative correlation: 17 out of 25 studies were based on population data, 19 out of 25 were either cross-sectional or cohort studies, and 7 out of 25 exhibited a low risk of bias. A meta-analysis of 23 of these studies demonstrated a significant association between asthma and ADHD, with an odds ratio( OR) of 1.52( 1.42-1.63), P < 0.001. 29 Another systematic review and meta-analysis identified datasets comprising a total of 210,363 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 3,115,168 individuals without ADHD. 9 The pooled unadjusted odds ratio was calculated to be 1.66( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 1.22-2.26), while the pooled adjusted OR was found to be 1.53( 1.41-1.65). These findings suggest a significant correlation between asthma and ADHD. 9 A population-based research study included 1,575,377 individuals who were born from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 2006. 9 Among these, 259,253 individuals( 16.5 %) were diagnosed with asthma, while 57,957 individuals( 3.7 %) had ADHD. A significant association was found between asthma and ADHD, with an odds ratio of 1.60( 95 % CI: 1.57- 1.63). 9