Manganese
Manganese is crucial for maintaining optimal physiology . 20 It is essential for numerous vital process , including nerve and brain development , 20 brain physiology , 21 and cognitive functioning . 20 Manganese possesses antioxidant activity , 9 , 20 , 21 is a component of manganese superoxide dismutase ( MnSOD ), 20-22 and participates in enzymatic mechanisms that protect against free radicals and toxic derivatives of oxygen . 8 Manganese is involved in
development , reproduction , immune function , bone growth , regulation of blood glucose , blood coagulation and haemostasis , energy metabolism , 21 and in the metabolism of proteins , lipids , and carbohydrates . 20 It acts as a cofactor for numerous kinases and other enzymes . 20 It is responsible for energy production by amino acid breakdown . 9 A deficiency of manganese can lead to impaired growth , poor bone formation and skeletal defects , abnormal glucose tolerance , and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism . 21
Molybdenum
Over 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been biochemically characterised . 23 Molybdenum has versatile redox chemistry that is used by the enzymes to catalyse diverse redox reactions . 24 Molybdenum forms the catalytic centre of numerous enzymes , such as nitrogenase , 25 nitrate reductases , 25 , 26 sulphite oxidase , 25 , 26 xanthine oxidoreductases , 25 26 , 27
aldehyde oxidase , and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase . 27 Sulphite oxidase catalyses the final step in the degradation of sulphur-containing amino acids and is involved in detoxifying excess sulphites . 26 Nitrate reductase catalyses the key step in inorganic nitrogen assimilation . 26 Xanthine dehydrogenase is involved in purine catabolism and reactive oxygen production . 26 Aldehyde oxidase oxidises a variety of aldehydes . 26 Molybdenum enzymes generally catalyse the transfer of an oxygen atom ( ultimately derived from or incorporated into water ) to or from a substrate . 24
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References : 1 . Johnson M et al , J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2017 Jan ; 58 ( 1 ): 83-93 . 2 . Parletta N et al , Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids . 2013 Aug ; 89 ( 2-3 ). 3 . Bauer I et al ., Hum Psychopharmacol . 2014 Mar ; 29 ( 2 ): 133-44 . Funded by Novasel Australia . 4 . Bauer I . et al . PLoS One . 2011 ; 6 ( 12 ): e28214 .