supplemental EPA can be converted into DHA .( 8 ) This indicates that metabolism is intended to move in a singular direction from SCFA omega-3 to the LCFA omega-3 – the body intelligently converting what is needed within its tissues .
Metherel from the University of Toronto states that , “ The unique omega-3 PUFA composition ( high SDA ) of ( refined Buglossoides arvensis seed oil ) may provide DHA to blood and tissues at a rate similar to DHA and faster than flaxseed oil despite no differences in DHA levels .”
8,15-diHETE ) have recently been identified as novel anti-inflammatory metabolites biosynthesised by 5-lipoxygenase ( 5-LO ), an enzyme also responsible for catalysing the conversion of arachidonic acid ( AA ) into proinflammatory leukotrienes .( 18 )
Additionally , when considering marinesources of EPA and DHA , there are considerable concerns with fishing from a sustainability perspective . Some experts predict that without drastic intervention , we can expect virtually empty oceans by 2048 .( 9 ) Aside from the decimation of fish stocks by fishing , fish can contain microplastics , dioxins , PCBs , and heavy metals .( 10-12 ) According to the European Food Safety Authority , wild marine fish and fish oil have the highest PCB contamination of all foods . Another study postulated that fish oil may increase prostate cancer risk .( 13 )
A new option
Refined Buglossoides arvensis seed oil is a regeneratively grown novel ingredient , whose unique lipid composition introduces it as the omega option providing the most diverse array of oxylipin precursors . Due to its being the highest commercially available source of combined ALA + SDA , with a 4:1 omega-3:6 ratio , it shows up to 400 % greater conversion to EPA than flax in humans .( 14 ) It also contains up to 10x more SDA than hemp .( 15 ) In mammal models it has shown up to 90 % conversion to DHA compared to a pure marine source .( 16 ) Professor Adam
Recent research has demonstrated interesting comparable antiinflammatory actions between SDA and DHA . A 2017 article by Sung et al . showed that both SDA and DHA comparably inhibited nitric oxide produced from inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) protein in macrophages , LPS-stimulated NFκB expression in macrophages and mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) phosphorylation . Taking these three anti-inflammatory molecular activities together , in which the cells treated with SDA did not accrue any DHA , they observed “ that SDA ... may be [ used ] as an alternative to the fish-based fatty acids for preventing inflammatory diseases ” and that SDA is " as effective as DHA against inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated macrophages ”.( 17 )
ETA is another metabolite largely overlooked but with emerging antiinflammatory properties . ETA is uniquely enriched by refined Buglossoides arvensis seed oil , due to its SDA content . Neither fish nor algae enrich cells with ETA , while conversion from flax is dependent on D-6-S activity . Eighthydroxy‐9,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid ( Δ17-8-HETE ) and 8,15-dihydroxy- 9,11,13,17-eicosatetraenoic acid ( Δ17-
Refined Buglossoides arvensis seed oil ’ s anti-inflammatory actions are demonstrated by a 45 % increase in IL-10 in stimulated whole blood . IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine , produced mainly by immunosuppressive M2-like monocytes / macrophages . The abundance of IL-10 can predict the severity of several human diseases with inflammatory aetiology , with low circulating IL-10 , suggesting a greater disease severity .( 19 )
Another unique property of refined Buglossoides arvensis seed oil compared to flax , fish or algae is the presence of GLA , which exists in levels comparable to Evening Primrose Oil . In studies with Ahiflower oil , DGLA levels increased 17 % following consumption , whereas flax oil consumption decreased DGLA by 16 %.( 14,19 ) In 2016 , Sergeant et al . showed that botanical sources of GLA combined with n-3 PUFAs ALA and SDA “ markedly increase circulating levels of DGLA and have little impact on circulating AA levels ... suggest [ ing ] that botanical n-3 18C-PUFAs not only enhance the conversion of dietary GLA to DGLA but also inhibit further conversion of that DGLA to AA .” Among the effects noted is that elevated DGLA levels in neutrophils caused a dramatic reduction in LTB4 generation . ( 20 )
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In 2017 , Von Schacky et al . investigated correlations between red blood cell levels of all omega-6 fatty acids and cardiovascular mortality in people who had presented clinically with chest pain or myocardial ischemia between 1997 and 2000 . The researchers correlated omega-6 levels in a cohort of over 3000 subjects , with various well-studied biomarkers for cardiovascular disease , and then looked at correlations with mortality outcomes 10 years later . As reported in the Journal of
134 | vol29 | no3 | JATMS