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Multipotent Stem Cells
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are
currently the most widely used stem cells for treatment. Despite their
widespread application, their multipotency limits the range of disorders they
can treat. This is compounded by complicated procedures and lengthy culture
periods.
Haematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)
HSC differentiate into blood components like white and red blood cells, and
platelets, and are thus limited as they only treat blood disorders such as leukaemia.
They are typically sourced from peripheral blood, bone marrow, or cord blood.
Bone marrow HSC procedures are invasive and surgical, and require compatibility
testing between donor and patient to prevent the transplanted cells from being
rejected. Peripheral blood extractions often yield low cell counts and will require
genetic expansion to increase their numbers, resulting in an added mutation risk.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)
MSC differentiate into structural cells of the body such as bone, cartilage, muscle,
and fat. They are primarily used for sports and joint injuries, and suffer from similar
technical caveats as HSC procedures. However, MSC have an additional source from
adipose tissue (body fat) that requires an invasive liposuction extraction, though
this is not viable for underweight patients.
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