modalities such as grants and loans; and the maintenance of debt sustainability. A specific case study focused on the evolution of Rwandan sovereign debt. The interaction between traditional donor aid and the composition of sovereign debt was illustrated by using the example of the 2012 aid suspension in Rwanda. This work was done within a policy advisory project for the Belgian Development Cooperation( BeFinD) and was also presented at the Belgian Embassy in Kigali. Two cross-cutting themes that remain central to CFD research activities and output are gender, and monitoring and evaluation( M & E). One publication dealt with whether and how gender targets and gender working groups contribute to more gender-sensitive budget support. Data from 14 SSA countries was analysed using QCA. The study on M & E in the area of climate change programmes, and two publications dealing with aid for adaptation to climate change indicate the increased importance of climate change considerations in the CFD research agenda. Other contributions focused on the use and influence of M & E, sustainability analysis and M & E capacity-building through the use of National Evaluation Societies( NES). The latter topic was also central to the short-term training programme,‘ Strengthening National Monitoring and Evaluation Capacities and Use: National Evaluation Societies as a Driving Force’, in which 18 NES members from different regions participated. This nexus between research, training and outreach is key to much CFD research and is one of the ways in which CFD actively stimulates outreach. Close interaction with policymakers and practitioners during training, workshops or consultations shape the CFD research agenda, feed into the research process and subsequently increase the use and influence of research findings. An
Part of the coffee value chain: Tanzanian women sorting coffee © Els Lecoutere exemplary case is IOB’ s participation in the Belgian Research Group on Financing for Development( BeFinD), a consortium of four research centres at three Belgian universities( Namur, Leuven and Antwerp) which combine their research experience in the field of financing for development. In the context of this project, there is a close two-way information stream between researchers and policymakers. While policy advice and briefs are provided to the Directorate General for Development Cooperation, at the same time, researchers gain greater access to information and networks. This also holds for the research on domestic dimensions of development cooperation, which actively seeks interaction with policymakers and practitioners. Another example is the evaluability study commissioned by the Office of the Special Evaluator( finalised in 2016), in which intensive exchange with stakeholders – who were variously positioned in the development chain – occurred throughout the process. CFD PhD research also closely interacts with the field of policymakers and practitioners; one of the BTC projects is, for example, central to a PhD study on‘ Performancebased finance in the Ugandan health sector’.
International Markets for the Poor( IMP)
This research line focuses on the extent to which globalising markets, production and financing chains, and labour movements provide opportunities for successful interventions in less developed countries, particularly for their more vulnerable income groups. Additionally, IMP studies the ways in which public actors can effectively intervene to make these processes more inclusive and better targeted at the more vulnerable. As market formation and dynamics are typically multi-level and multi-actor phenomena, this research line aims to address these global processes and their related public actor interventions, along the entire chain, from the global level down to the local level. One main focus of the research line is on the insertion, upgrading and catch up possibilities in global value chains and their consequences for macro and micro-level( household) income, vulnerability and other determinants of wellbeing. In a series of publications, this research group studied the opportunities for insertion, structural transformation and the catch
8 • Annual report 2015